Neuroimaging and Neurologic Complications after Organ Transplantation

Neurologic complications are common after transplantation and affect 30-60% of transplant recipients. The etiology of most of the posttransplant neurologic disorders is related to the opportunistic infections, both systemic and involving central nervous system (CNS), toxicity of immunosuppressive medications, and the metabolic insult created by the underlying primary disease and the transplant procedure. Neuroimaging studies are one of the key tools in the evaluation and enable early diagnosis of neurologic complications in transplant patients, especially posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome, central pontine myelinolysis, intracerebral hemorrhage, and fungal and bacterial abscesses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred technique, but each of the available neuroimaging techniques offers a unique insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying neurologic complications of transplantation. The role of neuroimaging in this population includes early detection of calcineurin inhibitor neurotoxicity, opportunistic infections, neoplasia, metabolic disorders, or cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, we can monitor longitudinal progression of disease and treatment response.     

乌司他丁对大鼠胰性脑病保护作用的实验研究

目的 :探讨乌司他丁对大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎时对脑组织损害的保护作用 ,为胰性脑病的治疗提供实验依据。方法 :将 90只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组 ,急性出血坏死性胰腺炎诱导组和乌司他丁处理组 ,经胰胆管逆行注射 5%牛磺胆酸钠建立大鼠ANP模型 ,12h后处死动物 ,测定血清TNFα水平 ,并检测脑组织含水量、脑微血管内白细胞聚集及附壁现象。结果 :经乌司他丁处理后 ,血清中乌司他丁水平、脑组织含水量、脑组织MDA含量、脑微血管内白细胞聚集及附壁现象显著降低(P <0 .0 1)。结论 :乌司他丁可以减轻急性出血坏死性胰腺炎时脑损害的发生和发展     

Acute encephalopathy associated with influenza and other viral infections

Acute encephalopathy is the most serious complication of pediatric viral infections, such as influenza and exanthem subitum. It occurs worldwide, but is most prevalent in East Asia, and every year several hundreds of Japanese children are affected by influenza-associated encephalopathy. Mortality has recently declined, but is still high. Many survivors are left with motor and intellectual disabilities, and some with epilepsy. This article reviews various syndromes of acute encephalopathy by classifying them into three major categories. The first group caused by metabolic derangement consists of various inherited metabolic disorders and the classical Reye syndrome. Salicylate is a risk factor of the latter condition. The second group, characterized by a systemic cytokine storm and vasogenic brain edema, includes Reye-like syndrome, hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome, and acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as diclofenac sodium and mephenamic acid, may aggravate these syndromes. Severe cases are complicated by multiple organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Mortality is high, although methylprednisolone pulse therapy may be beneficial in some cases. The third group, characterized by localized edema of the cerebral cortex, has recently been termed acute encephalopathy with febrile convulsive status epilepticus, and includes hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia syndrome and acute infantile encephalopathy predominantly affecting the frontal lobes. Theophylline is a risk factor of these syndromes. The pathogenesis is yet to be clarified, but an increasing body of evidence points to excitotoxicity and delayed neuronal death.     

皮层下动脉硬化性脑病的影像学诊断

目的 探讨皮层下动脉硬化性脑病（SAE）的影像学诊断价值。方法 选择经影像学检查结合临床资料确诊的病例，其中单做CT检查84例，单做MRI检查14例，既做MRI检查对照24例进行分析。另又对某一时期内60岁以上（不管什么原因）做头颅CT检查患者，只有2例有痴呆，CT分型Ⅰ型47例，Ⅱ型13例，Ⅲ型为24例；同一时期头颅CT检查患者中，有SAE表现42例，无SAE表现42例；24例CT与MRI检查对照。MRI优于CT。结论 CT与MRI检查可以对SAE作出早期诊断，有助于早期治疗。     

国人C型肝性脑病发病诱因分析

目的了解国人C型肝性脑病发病诱因及相关因素。方法对国内已经发表的11个研究样本（患者总样本量1131例）进行综合分析。结果在9类纳入统计分析的诱因中：消化道出血占43．8％、各种感染占33．9％、电解质紊乱占29．1％、医源性因素占28．2％、饮食不节占14．2％、肾功能衰竭占13．0％，分居前6位，另外腹泻占2．4％，便秘占1．8％，原因未明／无占2．7％。其中医源性因素按照发生频率依次为：大量利尿和／或放腹水占14．5％、手术／创伤占6．0％，药物占4．5％，输血／输复合氨基酸占3．2％。结论警惕肝性脑病多种诱因的存在，尤其不能忽视医源性因素。按照发病概率积极寻找并消除诱因，对于改善顸后尤为重要。     

Arachidonic acid metabolites in CSF in hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy of newborn infants

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cerebral synthesis of eicosanoids in the asphyctic newborn and to investigate the relation between the prostanoid profiles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the appearance and severity of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). Levels of 6-keto-PGF _1-α, TXB₂, PGE₂ and PGF_2-α in CSF were measured in 40 full term newborns during the first day of life. Thirty of these newborns had birth asphyxia and were divided into three groups: 10 without HIE, 12 with mild HIE and 8 with moderate-severe HIE. They were compared to a control group of 10 non-hypoxic newborns. Determinations of the metabolites in CSF were performed by RIA and expressed as pg/ml (mean ± SD). The CSF TXB₂ (thromboxane A₂ metabolite) in asphyxiated newborns was always higher than in the control group (28.12 ± 10.6), and related to the severity of HIE ( p = 0:005): without HIE (50.84 ± 16.4; p = 0:02), mild HIE (80.65 ± 12.64; p ± 0:01) and moderate-severe HIE (178.14 ± 20.5; p < 0:01). The CSF 6-keto-PGF _1-α (prostacyclin metabolite) in asphyxiated newborns was always higher than in the control group (80.55 ± 12.56), but indirectly related to the severity of HIE: without HIE (240.95 ± 28.12; p < 0:01), mild HIE (183.65 ± 30.1; p < 0:01) and moderate-severe HIE (140.55 ± 25.12; p < 0:01). In the moderate-severe HIE group, the increase in TXB₂ was higher than the rise in 6-keto-PGF _1-α.     

一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病的临床预防

目的　探讨临床治疗措施对一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病的预防。方法　将 130例一氧化碳中毒患者随机分为A、B、C 3组 ,A组采用纳络酮、低分子肝素、高压氧治疗 ;B组采用胞二磷胆碱、醒脑注射液、高压氧治疗 ;C组采用胞二磷胆碱、醒脑注射液治疗。结果　A组昏迷时间与B、C组对比 ,B组与C组对比 ,明显缩短 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ;本组 130例患者中 ,共发生迟发性脑病15例 ,发生率为 11.5 % ,迟发性脑病发生率A组与B、C组对比 ,B组与C组对比 ,明显降低 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。结论　选择有效的药物 ,及早应用高压氧和充足的疗程是迟发性脑病临床预防的关键。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的MRI表现

目的:探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)的MRI表现。材料和方法:对87例临床确诊为HIE的患儿行MRI扫描,并对其MRI表现进行分析。结果:87例HIE患儿中,74例(85.1%)可见皮层、皮层下及深部白质T1WI迂曲条状、点状高信号;69例(79.3%)显示基底节、丘脑T1WI异常高信号及内囊后肢高信号消失;62例(71.3%)出现弥漫性脑水肿;58例(66.7%)可见颅内出血,包括蛛网膜下腔出血、硬膜下出血、脑室内出血及脑实质出血;19例(21.8%)可见侧脑室周围白质软化;7例(8.0%)可见脑梗死。结论:MRI在HIE正确诊断和早期治疗中具有重要临床价值。     

急性胰腺炎恢复期并Wernicke脑病一例

患者男，34岁。大量饮酒后出现剑突下疼痛，伴恶心、发热，体温最高达38．5℃，发病3天入住当地医院治疗，诊断为“急性胰腺炎”。经禁食、胃肠减压、抑制胰酶分泌、抑酸、抗感染治疗，3天后疼痛明显减轻，血淀粉酶恢复正常、尿淀粉酶仍高于正常值。维持原治疗，治疗16天后，自觉上述症状消失后拔除胃管，但化验检查发现尿淀粉酶高（1294u／L），1天后再次留置胃管行胃肠减压，治疗33天后拔除胃管。出现头晕、恶心呕吐，呕吐物为胃内容物，予以“吗丁啉、思密达、多酶片”等药物对症治疗，效差。治疗38天后出现复视、视物不清、耳鸣，为进一步诊治，以“尿淀粉酶升高42天，呃逆1天，复视、乓鸣5天”为主诉入住我院。