聚醚砜中空纤维血液透析膜的制备与透析性能初步评价

采用干-湿相转化法制备聚醚砜(polyethersulfone,PES)中空纤维血液透析膜,讨论了制膜液中聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycols,PEG)添加剂含量、壁厚、内径对膜物理和机械性能的影响;并用牛血清白蛋白(bovine serumalbumin,BSA)、溶菌酶和尿素配制成模拟液代替血液进行血液透析实验,测试膜结构和操作条件对透析性能的影响。结果表明,制膜液PEG添加剂含量为27.6wt%时,制得的PES膜透析性能略低于PEG为24.1wt%时,但中空纤维丝可纺性和机械性能明显提高。使用PES膜面积为0.2 m2的透析器,通过减小膜的壁厚或减小中空纤维丝的内径,PES膜对较难去除的中分子毒素溶菌酶的清除率可以高达64.2%,对小分子尿素的清除率高达89.4%,同时成功截留98%以上的大分子蛋白质BSA。增大透析器内的膜面积、适当加快模拟液或透析液的流速可以提高透析效率。此外,与进口PS膜透析器的透析性能比较结果显示,PES膜具有更高的单位膜面积的透析效率,值得继续展开血液相容性等深入研究。     

活体亲属供肾肾移植的临床分析

目的　总结分析活体亲属供肾肾移植的手术和治疗经验 ,探讨其临床效果 .方法　回顾性分析 33例活体亲属供肾肾移植的临床资料 ,包括手术方法和创新、免疫抑制药物的用药方案及临床效果 .结果　本组全部切取左肾 ,经腹手术 ,手术顺利 ,移植肾在开放血液循环后 1～ 10分钟内分泌尿液 .供体肾功能在 1周内恢复正常 ,未出现严重并发症 .受者仅 2例出现急性排斥反应 .全部受者至今存活 ,肾功能良好 .结论　活体亲属供肾 ,移植效果明显优于尸体供肾肾移植 .排斥反应发生率低 ,恢复顺利     

Specific CD8+ T‐lymphocytes control dissemination of measles virus

Measles continues to be an important cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. Measles virus (MV) is lymphotropic and infects high percentages of B‐ and T‐lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues. Cellular immunity is considered crucial for viral clearance; however, MV‐specific T‐lymphocytes generated during primary infection also constitute a potential target for MV infection. We therefore aimed to identify T‐lymphocyte subsets that can clear MV infection without becoming infected. To this end, we infected human EBV transformed B‐lymphoblastic cell lines (B‐LCL) with a recombinant MV strain expressing enhanced GFP, and co‐cultured these with non‐infected B‐LCL resulting in rapid viral spread. MV‐specific CD8⁺ T‐cell clones efficiently suppressed MV dissemination in autologous and HLA‐matched, but not in HLA‐mismatched B‐LCL. In contrast, CD4⁺ T‐cell clones could not control MV dissemination but became a target for MV infection themselves. Furthermore, PBMC collected 6–9 months after acute measles and stimulated with autologous MV‐infected B‐LCL also efficiently suppressed MV dissemination; this was mediated by the fraction containing CD8⁺ T‐lymphocytes. In conclusion, we have developed a powerful tool to study cellular immunity against measles, and demonstrate that control of MV dissemination is mediated by virus‐specific CD8⁺ rather than by CD4⁺ T‐lymphocytes.     

Granule maturation in mast cells: Histamine in control

Mast cells are derived from committed progenitors that originate in the BM. They mature into histochemically distinguishable, metachromatic mast cells containing numerous cytoplasmic secretory granules. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that mast cell granule maturation is very tightly regulated by many factors including different granule components such as proteoglycans. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Nakazawa et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44 : 204–214] highlight a role for mast cell derived histamine as another factor critical for mast cell maturation. Using histidine decarboxylase (HDC) deficient mice that are unable to make histamine, they show poorly formed secretory granules and decreased secretory granule protease expression in peritoneal mast cells. Co‐culturing BM‐derived mast cells with fibroblasts normally drives granule maturation, but HDC‐deficient BM‐derived mast cells fail to do so. Exogenously provided histamine partly restores granule differentiation as evidenced by increased tryptase and chymase activity, and this is histamine receptor type H₄‐dependent. However, H₄‐deficient mice have intact granule formation in peritoneal mast cells, suggesting that when HDC is functional, the intrinsic histamine production is sufficient for most granule maturation processes and H₄ is dispensable. This study highlights the role of histamine in the regulation of mast cell maturation, although the cytosolic target remains unknown.     

不同分子量尿毒血清组分对人肾小管上皮细胞CTGF基因和蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨不同分子量尿毒血清组分对人肾小管上皮细胞结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）基因和蛋白表达的影响。方法:无菌条件下收集40份尿毒症病人血清和20例正常人血清，应用Centricon Plus 20 Centrifugal Filter Devices将尿毒血清分离成分子量 >10 000 D，5 000-10 000 D，<5 000 D 3个组分。应用Western blotting方法检测CTGF的蛋白表达，RT-PCR方法检测CTGF mRNA表达。结果:2.5%-20%浓度尿毒血清组CTGF基因表达均明显高于正常对照组，以10%尿毒血清组最高；分子量 <5 000 D尿毒血清组CTGF基因表达与正常对照组差异无显著，而分子量 5 000-10 000 D和 >10 000 D尿毒血清组CTGF基因表达均高于正常对照组，以分子量 >10 000 D尿毒血清组最高。不同浓度尿毒血清组CTGF蛋白表达均高于正常对照组，且有随着尿毒血清浓度的升高而增高，在不同分子量尿毒血清组中，以分子量 >10 000 D组增高最为显著。结论：尿毒症毒素通过影响人肾小管上皮细胞致纤维化细胞因子CTGF基因和蛋白表达从而在人肾小管-间质纤维化中起重要作用，而以分子量大于 10 000 D的尿毒症毒素在其中起主要作用。     

Control of fluid shear response in circulating leukocytes by integrins

Recent evidence shows that circulating leukocytes respond not only to humoral inflammatory mediators but also to fluid stresses. Application of fluid shear stress (of the order of 1–10 cm² to fresh migrating leukocytes leads to initial retraction of pseudopods, an important step to facilitate normal passage of leukocytes through the microcirculation and to prevent spreading on the endothelium. The ability to respond to fluid shear stress, however, may be regulated under different physiological conditions. In the current study, we examine the role of integrins in the fluid shear response as measured by pseudopod retraction with the use of antibodies against human neutrophil ₁ and ₂ integrins. Neutrophils adhering via ₂ integrins exhibit normal ability to project pseudopods and to migrate. Such cells show normal response to fluid shear with rapid pseudopod retraction. In contrast, attachment via ₁ integrins leads to firmly adhesive leukocytes, spreading and almost no cell migration. Such leukocytes exhibit a significantly attenuated ability for pseudopod retraction under fluid shear. These results suggest that integrins may serve as a regulating mechanism for fluid shear response in human leukocytes. Attachment via ₁ integrins may lead to an abolishment of the fluid shear response. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2002: 8716-b, 8719Tt     

外感风寒颗粒对大鼠体内对乙酰氨基酚代谢的影响

目的观察外感风寒颗粒对大鼠体内对乙酰氨基酚（APAP）代谢的影响。方法以口服APAP的大鼠为阳性对照,比较外感风寒颗粒与APAP同时口服及先服用外感风寒颗粒,2h后服用APAP试验组对APAP的药代动力学参数。结果同时给予外感风寒颗粒和APAP的试验组与单独给予APAP的对照组相比,AUC0-4h值升高（P〈0.05）,先服用APAP,2h后服用外感风寒颗粒的试验组AUC0-4h、Cmax值有显著升高（P〈0.01）,且升高值与外感风寒颗粒服用剂量成正比。结论外感风寒颗粒能使APAP在大鼠体内的血药浓度升高,对APAP的代谢有影响。     

辣蓼颗粒成型工艺的研究

目的探讨辣蓼颗粒的成型工艺条件。方法考察不同辅料即乳糖、玉米淀粉和糊精对浸膏粉吸湿性的影响；用正交试验法优选制粒工艺条件及评价颗粒的流动性与吸湿性等。结果3种辅料均可明显降低浸膏粉的吸湿性；最佳制粒工艺条件为浸膏粉与玉米淀粉、乳糖按2：2：1的比例混匀，以75％乙醇为润湿剂制软材，湿粒以70％温度干燥，成品颗粒的流动性好；临界相对湿度为75％。结论混合辅料（玉米淀粉和乳糖）可改善浸膏粉的成型性和颗粒剂的抗湿性；辣蓼颗粒制粒工艺条件的优化为产品的工业生产环境控制提供了科学依据。     

高效液相色谱法测定解毒固本颗粒中大黄素和大黄酚含量

目的　建立高效液相色谱法测定解毒固本颗粒中大黄素和大黄酚含量的方法。方法　MZC18分析色谱柱 (4 .6mmID× 2 5 0mm ,粒径 5 μm) ,流动相A :10 %乙腈 (含 0 .5 %三乙胺 ,磷酸调pH3.0 ) ;B :85 %乙腈 (含 0 .5 %三乙胺 ,磷酸调pH3.0 )。梯度洗脱程序 :1～ 11min ,A :4 0 %～ 0 ;B :6 0 %～ 10 0 % ,流速 1.5ml/min。检测波长 4 33nm ;结果　大黄素回归方程Y =- 0 .0 0 14 75+0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 33X ,r =0 .9999,线性范围 0 .0 16 6 4～ 0 .6 6 5 4 μg ;大黄酚回归方程Y =- 0 .0 0 346 4 +0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 82X ,r =0 .9999,线性范围 0 .0 2 4 4 7～ 0 .9789μg。大黄素和大黄酚平均回收率分别为 96 .2 % (RSD =4 .7% )和 97.4 % (RSD =2 .1% )。结论　该方法操作简便 ,测定结果准确可靠 ,可用于测定解毒固本颗粒中大黄素和大黄酚含量。