色谱柱前衍生法测定饲料中赖氨酸的不确定度评定

目的 以赖氨酸为例介绍高效液相色谱柱前衍生法测定饲料中氨基酸的不确定度的评定方法 为建立有效的质量控制方法提供科学依据。方法直观图识别出各不确定度来源，将各个分量按系统效应和随机效应带来的不确定度，进行分别计算和整体合成。结果 本实验室高效液相色谱柱前衍生法测定饲料中赖氨酸的不确定度大小为O.0144(％)。结论 本方法评定过程清晰合理，影响因素不道漏，不重复，能将过程复杂的不确定度评定简单化，对其它方法的不确定度评定有举一反三的作用，同时也有利于实验室内部的控制。     

离子色谱法测定水中氯化物的不确定度分析

目的对离子色谱法测定水中氯化物的不确定度进行分析，找出影响不确定度的因素，对不确定度进行评估，给出不确定度，如实反映测量的置信度和准确性。方法应用测量不确定评定理论，分析离子色谱法测定水中氯化物的不确定度。结果得出用离子色谱法测定水中氯化物含量在1．50～75．00mg／L范围的扩展不确定度：U=2．82（mg／L），k=2。结论该不确定度评价方法在实际工作中有较强的实用价值。     

Risk estimation for carcinogens based on epidemiological data: a structured approach, illustrated by an example on chromium

It is generally recognized that human, epidemiological data, if available, are preferred as the starting point for quantitative risk analysis above the use of data from animal studies. Although methods to obtain proper risk estimates from epidemiological data are available, several impediments prevent their widespread application. These impediments include unfamiliarity with epidemiological methods and the lack of a structured and transparent approach. We described a framework to conduct quantitative cancer risk assessment based on epidemiological studies in a structured, transparent, and reproducible manner. Important features of the process include a weight-of-the-evidence approach, estimation of the optimal exposure-risk function by fitting a regression model to the epidemiological data, estimation of uncertainty introduced by potential biases and missing information in the epidemiological studies, and calculation of excess lifetime risk through a life table to take into account competing risks. Sensitivity analyses are a useful tool to obtain insight into the impact of assumptions made and the variability of the underlying data. The framework is sufficiently flexible to allow many types of data, ranging from published, sometimes incomplete data to detailed individual data, while maintaining an optimal result, i.e., a state-of-the-art risk estimate with confidence intervals, based on all available evidence of sufficient quality.     

The Effect of Uncertainty on Mastery of Stress: A Case Study

A highly experienced sport parachutist was tested under conditions of uncertainty as well as under normal jumping conditions; the dependent measures recorded during the sequence of events leading up to a jump were heart rate and respiration rate. Uncertainty produced a disruption of the orderly pattern of anticipatory physiological responding; this disruption was more pronounced for heart rate than for respiration rate.     

测量不确定度在药用物理实验中的应用研究

本研究对物理实验中的测量误差与不确定度之间的区别和联系做了阐述,给出了在药用物理实验中不确定度评定的简化表达式和计算流程。     

Clinical practices for intermediate sweat tests following abnormal cystic fibrosis newborn screens

Background

Newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) has become standard practice in many countries. Consequently, the prevalence of infants with intermediate sweat test results has increased. This study examined clinical practices in the United States (US) related to intermediate sweat test results subsequent to NBS.

Methods

Respondents from 77 (47% response rate) US CF centers completed telephone surveys documenting clinical practices related to intermediate sweat chloride levels (30-59 mmol/L) following abnormal NBS.

Results

Thirty percent of centers followed CF Foundation guidelines for classifying intermediate results. There was much variability in sweat testing procedures, diagnostic labels, additional diagnostics, addressing prognosis, and services offered to parents. CF center staff identified a need for resources to better address the uncertainty associated with intermediate results.

Conclusion

Results suggest the need for education regarding current guidelines and consensus regarding the nomenclature and services offered to families of newborns with intermediate sweat test results.     

Uncertainty of measurement and error in stability studies

It is required that shelf life be determined based on the lower limit of the confidence interval of the estimate from the stability tests. Simulations indicate that a 1-year prediction of shelf life will have approximately 1 month of error. However, this is product specific and is related to the uncertainty of measurement and experimental design. Factors associated with product and experimental design, such as degradation rate, number of time points, implementing a full versus a reduced design, etc., can significantly affect the error of shelf life. Uncertainty in measurement is positively correlated to the amount of error through the manufacturing lot-to-lot variability, precision of the analytical method and calibrator. Experimental design can control random variability and actually can reduce error by increasing number of lots and replicates in stability tests. The decision on the number of lots and replicates will be a balancing act between the uncertainty of the measurement, design and other practical considerations.     

费休氏法测定注射用头孢曲松钠水分的不确定度评定

目的建立费休氏法测定注射用头孢曲松钠的水分的不确定度评定。方法建立数学模型,对水分测定过程中各影响因素进行分析评估。结果通过计算各变量的不确定度,合成不确定度,得出水分测定的扩展不确定度为0.13%（k=2）。结论该评定方法适用于费休氏法测定注射用头孢曲松钠水分的不确定度评定。     

Animal studies of amygdala function in fear and uncertainty: relevance to human research

This article reviews research in both animals and humans on the considerable progress made in elucidating a brain circuitry of fear, particularly the importance of the amygdala in fear conditioning. While there is considerable agreement about the participation of the amygdala in fear in both animals and humans, there are several issues about the function of the amygdala raised by the human research that have not been addressed by or may be answered by animal research. Three of these are addressed in this article: (1) is the amygdala involved in or necessary for both fear learning and unconditioned fear? (2) Does the amygdala code for intensity of fear? (3) Is the amygdala preferentially involved in fear, or is it also activated when there are no overt fear or aversive stimuli, but where the situation can be described as uncertain? We present evidence indicating that the rodent amygdala is involved in some types of fear (conditioned fear), but not all types (unconditioned fear), and may therefore have significance for a differential neurobiology of certain anxiety disorders in humans. Further, similar to the human amygdala, the rodent amygdala responds to varying intensities of aversive stimulation. Finally, it is suggested that, similar to humans, the rodent amygdala is involved in the evaluation of uncertainty. We conclude that progress on elucidating the role of the amygdala in fear is facilitated by corroboration of findings from both animal and human research.     

The Zero-vision: potential side effects of communicating health perfection and zero risk

Public health education may have harmful side effects: generate fear, give rise to healthism and contribute to a medical sorting society. To prevent these adverse reactions a new deal for public health communication is presented. It is commended to move public health from omnipotence to moderation, from life style to living conditions, from risk to the bright sides of health, from statistical clone to the holy individual. Furthermore public health communication ought to include uncertainty as authoritarian truth mongering erodes trust. The public health educator must convey compassion and dedication. Rational techno-info is not sufficient. The last golden rule for a new public health is to respect the people. The people are not an inferior mass subjected to basic instincts and irrational fears. Common sense and lay experiences may contribute to the wise management of risk. Therefore public health should develop a people-centered method, recognizing people's own values, perceptions and potentials for preventing disease and promoting health.