Cool Mist Irrigation Improves Heat Dissipation during Surgical Bone Drilling

Objective High-speed drilling generates heat in small cavities and may pose a risk for neurovascular tissues. We hypothesize that a continuous pressurized cold mist could be an alternative approach for better cooling during drilling of bone to access cranial lesions. This study aims to examine this idea experimentally. Design Ex-vivo drilling tests with controlled speed, feed, and depth were performed on cortical bone samples. Thermocouples were embedded underneath the drilling path to compare the temperature rises under mist cooling (at 3°C, < 300 mL/h) and flood irrigation (at 22°C, > 800 mL/h). Results A significant difference exists between these two systems (p value < 0.05). The measured temperature was ∼ 4°C lower for mist cooling than for flood irrigation, even with less than a third of the flow rate. Conclusion Experimental data indicate the capability of mist cooling to reduce heat generation while simultaneously enabling flow reduction and targeted cooling. An improved field of view in an extremely narrow access corridor may be achieved with this technology.     

The Influence of Irrigation during the Finishing and Polishing of Composite Resin Restorations—A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies

The surface smoothness of composite restorations affects not only their esthetic appearance but also other properties. Thus, rough surfaces can lead to staining, plaque accumulation, gingival irritation, recurrent caries, abrasiveness, wear kinetics, and tactile perception by the patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of irrigation during the finishing and polishing of composite resin restorations. A systematic search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Clinical Trials databases was conducted. Papers published up to 11 February 2021 were considered. The quality of each study was assessed using the modified Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist for reporting in vitro studies on dental materials. No clinical studies were identified. Six in vitro studies were included, reporting changes in physical and esthetic properties. After performing a methodological quality assessment of the studies, some limitations were identified, the main limitation being the heterogeneous methodology across studies. The evidence resulting from this systematic review did not favor either wet or dry finishing/polishing procedures. There is a clear need for well-designed studies focusing on the comparison of dry/wet finishing/polishing with standard protocols to evaluate the differences among different materials and methods.     

Human modification of global water vapor flows from the land surface

It is well documented that human modification of the hydrological cycle has profoundly affected the flow of liquid water across the Earth's land surface. Alteration of water vapor flows through land-use changes has received comparatively less attention, despite compelling evidence that such alteration can influence the functioning of the Earth System. We show that deforestation is as large a driving force as irrigation in terms of changes in the hydrological cycle. Deforestation has decreased global vapor flows from land by 4% (3,000 km(3)/yr), a decrease that is quantitatively as large as the increased vapor flow caused by irrigation (2,600 km(3)/yr). Although the net change in global vapor flows is close to zero, the spatial distributions of deforestation and irrigation are different, leading to major regional transformations of vapor-flow patterns. We analyze these changes in the light of future land-use-change projections that suggest widespread deforestation in sub-Saharan Africa and intensification of agricultural production in the Asian monsoon region. Furthermore, significant modification of vapor flows in the lands around the Indian Ocean basin will increase the risk for changes in the behavior of the Asian monsoon system. This analysis suggests that the need to increase food production in one region may affect the capability to increase food production in another. At the scale of the Earth as a whole, our results emphasize the need for climate models to take land-use change, in both land cover and irrigation, into account.     

The place of intraoperative antegrade colonic irrigation in emergency left-sided colonic surgery

The healing of colinic or colorectal anastomoses depends, at least partially, on the volume of fecal residue. Intraoperative antegrade colonic irrigation enables the surgeon to prepara the colon adequately at the time of surgery and to perform safely an immediate resection and primary anastomosis in obstructive lesions of the left colon. Its indications have been extended to other left-sided colonic emergencies, especially perforation and hemorrhage. The technique is described in this study and its value is assessed in the light of available experimental and clinical evidence     

涵闸渠系钉螺截留系统(OSSS)模型实验研究初报

本实验根据流体力学和钉螺生态学理论,在配有循环水的玻璃水槽中,设计制作出由进水控制段、分离扩散段、沉降集中杀灭段、出流还原段组成的涵闸渠系钉螺截留系统(Oncomelania Stem-Stay System简称OSSS)模型。研究了改变流量、平均流速对钉螺截留的影响,分离扩散段对附叶钉螺的脱离率和截留率的影响。“采用模拟钉螺”对OSSS及其改良模型,在相同的水流条件下进行比较研究。结果表明:不加OSSS,钉螺和“模拟钉螺”全部冲向下游。而加OSSS,截留率均在98％以上,脱离率为97％。证明OSSS有良好的截留钉螺和使钉螺脱离载体的能力,而其中OSSS-1-3型较好,当相当原型流量0.93m~3/s,平均流速为15.4cm/S时,截留率可达99％。结果还表明OSSS具有不壅高水位,无需处理漂浮物,工程量小的优点。     

Can source reduction of mosquito larval habitat reduce malaria transmission in Tigray,Ethiopia?

The development of irrigation schemes by dam construction has led to an increased risk of malaria in Tigray, Ethiopia. We carried out a pilot study near a microdam to assess whether environmental management could reduce malaria transmission by Anopheles arabiensis, the main vector in Ethiopia. The study took place in Deba village, close to a dam; Maisheru village, situated 3-4 km away from the dam, acted as a control. Baseline entomological and clinical data were collected in both villages during the first 12 months. Source reduction, involving filling, draining and shading of potential mosquito-breeding habitats was carried out by the community of Deba in the second year and routine surveillance continued in both villages during the second year. Anopheles arabiensis was highly anthropophilic (Human Blood Index=0.73), biting early in the night before people went to bed. The major breeding habitats associated with the dam were areas of seepage at the dam base (28%), leaking irrigation canals (16%), pools that formed along the bed of streams from the dam (13%), and man-made pools (12%). In the pre-intervention year, 5.9-7.2 times more adult vectors were found in the dam village compared with the control village. There was a 3.1% higher prevalence of an enlarged spleen in children under 10 years in the dam village than in the control village during the pre-intervention period, but no statistically significant difference was found in the incidence of falciparum malaria between the two villages during the same period. Source reduction was associated with a 49% (95% CI=46.6-50.0) relative reduction in An. arabiensis adults in the dam village compared with the pre-intervention period. There were very few cases of malaria during the intervention period in both villages making it impossible to judge whether malaria incidence had been reduced. These preliminary findings suggest that in areas of low intensity transmission community-led larval control may be a cheap and effective method of controlling malaria. Further, large-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings.     

河套灌区覆膜沟灌对加工番茄生长效应与品质的影响

针对传统灌溉中存在不足,在内蒙古河套灌区研究了沟灌覆膜和无覆膜形式对加工番茄植株生育指标、品质、水分生产率、地上植株干物质积累量和番茄产量以及经济效益的影响。结果表明:覆膜处理对沟灌措施下的番茄植株的株高相比无覆膜处理增加达43%,茎粗增加达45%,番茄红素分别增加6.5%～25.4%;水分生产率及地上植株干物质的积累也分别提高了56%和22%,植株产量增长了1848.15～2768.89 kg·667m^-2,农民也得到了692.75～1592.75元·667m^-2的增产收入。因此在沟灌加工番茄生产中采取覆膜种植能有效促进生长并能取得良好的经济效益。     

滴灌条件下枣树耗水规律的研究

试验通过研究枣树的茎流来预测其耗水量,为合理灌溉提供科学依据。利用植物茎流计在滴灌条件下测定枣树的茎流变化,结果表明2010年5月15日的最大值出现在中午12∶00,达到1 834.28 g·h^-1,6月26日的最大茎流速率在13∶00,达到4 861.89 g·h^-1,7月20日最大值出现在15∶00,达到6 385.88 g·h^-1,8月10日最大茎流出现在16∶00,达到5 816.86 g·h^-1;最小茎流都是出现在凌晨4∶00～8∶00。5月份的日平均累计流量比较小,枣树在这个月的日平均耗水量反而最小,到了7、8月份,随着温度的升高和雨季的结束,枣树耗水量明显增加,8月的日平均耗水累计量最高;通过相关分析,地表最高温度和最高气温对枣树的茎流量影响较大。研究得出：土壤含水量是影响茎流的变化主要因素,其它环境因子对茎流的影响也很重要。     

基于控墒补灌的春小麦滴灌制度研究

为优化北疆绿洲区滴灌春小麦的灌溉制度,采用控墒补灌法研究了不同灌水量对滴灌春小麦光合特征、干物质分配及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,拔节～开花期小麦株高、干物质积累量和叶面积指数均随着灌水量的增加显著（P<0.05）升高。小麦旗叶各时期净光合（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）增加显著（P<0.05）升高,而胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）变化趋势相反;过量灌溉T5各时期Gs均有所降低,Pn和Tr成熟期下降显著（P<0.05）;亏缺灌溉（T1）Pn峰值提前至孕穗期,各时期WUE均最低、LS最高。干物质向籽粒的分配、花前同化物转运率和对籽粒的贡献率随墒度随灌水量增加显著（P<0.05）降低。二次曲线拟合表明,灌水量为371 mm时可取得7 450 kg·hm^-2的高产,灌溉频率约每7 d灌1次是本地区春小麦的最佳灌溉方案。