颈静脉孔区计算机三维重建

目的　探讨计算机三维重建技术在颈静脉孔区研究中的应用。　方法　用生物塑化技术制作 1 2mm厚的薄层断面标本 ,在SGI工作站上对颈静脉孔及相关结构进行三维重建。　结果　计算机三维重建图像可显示颈静脉孔区重要神经、血管 ,能够清楚显示颈内动脉、颈内静脉及舌咽、迷走、副神经束与颅底骨结构的三维解剖关系。重建结构能够以单独或联合方式显示 ,并可绕任意轴进行旋转 ,任意径线及角度均可适时测量。　结论计算机三维重建技术对颈静脉孔区的解剖研究具有重要应用价值     

猫运动皮层内篮状细胞的立体重构,递质性质及突触分布

用细胞内HRP染色的方法显示该神经元位于猫运动皮层十字沟后,在第Ⅱ/Ⅲ层之间(软膜以下438μm处),胞体截面积为15.6×28.1μm~2,呈多极形,树突呈串珠状,向四周扩展,无侧棘,轴突由胞体下方伸出,返折向上,包绕胞体周围,以软膜平行的吻尾方向行走为主,有一分枝向白质方向延伸.从立体重构图的不同角度观察,其形态不对称,如沿X轴方向旋转60°后,其形态呈扁平形,用胶体金免疫电镜观察,该神经元的递质性质为GABA能的.胞体及树突上分布有非对称型和对称型的突触,对称型的突触中有的是GABA能的,有的是非GABA能的.其轴突有髓鞘包绕,末梢与其它神经元的胞体形成一处以上相连或不相连的对称型突触,也可与其它树突形成对称型的突触.根据该神经元的形态,递质性质及突触分布的特征,可确认它是篮状细胞.     

Arteries to the great and second toes based on three-dimensional analysis of 100 cadaveric feet

Summary Three-dimensional arteriography was used to analyse the arterial supply of the great and second toes of 100 cadaveric feet down to the microsurgical level. This information will aid in successful composite tissue transfers of these toes to the hand. The arterial blood supply of the great toe came principally from the first dorsal metatarsal a. (78%) and the first plantar metatarsal a. (22%), and secondarily from the medial tarsal aa. and the three terminal branches of the medial plantar a. For the second toe, the first dorsal metatarsal a. (78%) and the first plantar metatarsal a. (22%) supplied blood from the medial side, and the second dorsal metatarsal a. (78%) and the second plantar metatarsal a. (22%) supplied blood from the lateral side. Seven arterial patterns were found in the interdigital web space. The socalled general pattern was seen in the first web space in 65% of the feet examined. In the second web space it was found in 85%. The first intermetatarsal space sometimes contained a large artery arising directly from the dorsalis pedis or first proximal perforating a. as well as the first dorsal and first plantar metatarsal arteries. In this space, arterial patterns were classified into 4 types and 9 subtypes based on the origins and proximal courses of these arteries. The so-called standard pattern was found in only 19% of the feet, while an arterial pattern with a common proximal trunk on the plantar side for the first dorsal and first plantar metatarsal aa. was found most frequently (46%). In the second intermetatarsal space the second dorsal metatarsal a. was usually located on the dorsum.

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Les artères de l'hallux et du deuxième orteil. Analyse tridimensionnelle de cent pieds de cadavres

Résumé L'artériographie en trois dimensions a été utilisée pour analyser la vascularisation artérielle de l'hallux et du deuxième orteil de cent pieds de cadavres jusqu'au niveau microchirurgical. Ces renseignements aideront au succès des transferts de tissus composites de ces orteils vers la main. La vascularisation artérielle de l'hallux vient principalement de la première artère métatarsienne dorsale (78 %) et de la première artère métatarsienne plantaire (22 %) et secondairement des artères tarsiennes médiales et des trois branches terminales de l'artère plantaire médiale. Pour le deuxième orteil, la première artère métatarsienne dorsale (78 %) et la première artère métatarsienne plantaire (22 %) vascularisent le versant médial, la deuxième artère métatarsienne dorsale (78 %) et la deuxième artère métatarsienne plantaire (22 %) vascularisent le versant latéral. Sept dispositions artérielles ont été trouvées dans la commissure interdigitale. Une disposition dénommée commune a été vue dans la premiere commissure sur 65 % des pieds examinés, dans la deuxième commissure dans 85 % des cas. Le premier espace intermétatarsien contient parfois une volumineuse artère, naissant directement de l'artère dorsale du pied ou de la première artère perforante proximale, mais aussi des premières artères métatarsiennes dorsale ou plantaire. Dans cet espace, les dispositions artérielles sont classées en 4 types et 9 sous-types, basés sur l'origine et le trajet proximal de ces artères. La disposition standard a été trouvée seulement sur 19 % des pieds, alors qu'une disposition comprenant un tronc proximal commun situé sur le versant plantaire, fournissant les premières artères métatarsiennes dorsale et plantaire, a été trouvée plus fréquemment (46 %). Dans le deuxième espace intermétatarsien, la deuxième artère métatarsienne dorsale était habituellement située sur le versant dorsal.

     

Production and release of infectious hepatitis C virus from human liver cell cultures in the three-dimensional radial-flow bioreactor

Lack of efficient culture systems for hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been a major obstacle in HCV research. Human liver cells grown in a three-dimensional radial-flow bioreactor were successfully infected following inoculation with plasma from an HCV carrier. Subsequent detection of increased HCV RNA suggested viral replication. Furthermore, transfection of HCV RNA transcribed from full-length cDNA also resulted in the production and release of HCV virions into supernatant. Infectivity was shown by successful secondary passage to a new culture. Introduction of mutations in RNA helicase and polymerase regions of HCV cDNA abolished virus replication, indicating that reverse genetics of this system is possible. The ability to replicate and detect the extracellular release of HCV might provide clues with regard to the persistent nature of HCV infection. It will also accelerate research into the pathogenicity of HCV, as well as the development of prophylactic agents and new therapy.     

臀肌重建术的解剖学和生物力学优化分析

在六侧新鲜儿童标本上,对臀肌重建术进行了应用解剖学和生物力学优化分析,比较了骶棘肌、腰大肌、背阔肌和腹外斜肌重建臀肌的效果,得到了移位肌的最优移置部位和移位后重建臀肌功能的估算。结果表明骶棘肌重建臀肌的效果最好,以下依次是腰大肌、背阔肌和胸外斜肌。     

人心连续组织切片的计算机三维重建

用表面重建法对人心连续组织切片进行了三维重建，重建中应用了火棉胶断面切片技术及图像拟合与插值处理，与以往的解剖断面重建比较，图像更加清晰、逼真，可从不同观察心脏的外部轮廓与内部结构。作为三维重建的基础性研究，可为心血管影像诊断提供解剖形态学依据和可靠的三维软件。     

Volume variation of mastoid pneumatization in different age groups: a study by three-dimensional reconstruction based on computed tomography images

Although there have been some reports that measured the size of mastoid pneumatization, only a few studies have reported the age-related variations in the mastoid air cell system using three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques of computed tomography (CT) images. We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study. A 3D reconstruction based on CT images was performed on 199 ears of 102 patients (age range 6–84 years) without otologic disease by a surface-rendering algorithm. The results showed that mastoid pneumatization continued to grow until the third decade. Thereafter, it declined slowly, and then rapidly after the seventh decade. No statistically significant difference was found between male and female or between right and left sides. There was a significant difference between the larger and smaller sides of individuals. The volume measurement technique based on the 3D reconstruction technique reported here is widely available, highly accurate and easy to perform.     

Cx43在造血调控及重建中的作用

目的:采用条件性基因敲除技术构建造血系统间隙连接蛋白43(Cx43)基因敲除(Cx43~(-/-))小鼠模型,并探讨Cx43在维持造血细胞自我更新及功能稳定中的作用。方法:将引进的2对转基因小鼠Cx43 loxP/loxP和Lyz-Cre/+杂交,选取F1雌性子代Cx43 loxP/-_Lyz-Cre/+与雄性Cx43 loxP/loxP合笼回配,提取所获得子代小鼠鼠尾组织基因组DNA,采用PCR方法鉴定小鼠基因型,RT-PCR方法筛选Cx43~(-/-)小鼠,同时分析小鼠不同器官中Cx43基因的表达差异;该类小鼠经5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU;125 mg/kg)处理,在化疗前及化疗后第5、10和15天经眼球取血分析其血象变化。Cx43~(-/-)及Cx43~(+/+)小鼠予7.5 Gy(~(60)Co-γ)的致死量照射,剂量率1 Gy/min,照射后6 h分别给予事先准备就序的骨髓细胞,每只3×10~6细胞于尾静脉注入,2周后处死小鼠检测造血是否重建:分离股骨切片后,收集骨髓细胞进行细胞表型分析(选用的单抗为CD45R、Gr-1、CD4、 CD8a、TCRαβ、Mac-1、抗sIgM、TER119、Sca-1及CD117);同时进行体外造血细胞集落实验观察造血细胞的体外增殖能力。结果:本研究通过2种转基因小鼠间杂交和回交,成功获得造血系统选择性Cx43基因敲除小鼠;该类小鼠骨髓及外周血细胞无Cx43表达,参与造血的组织,如肝脏和脾脏中Cx43表达也显著下调(P0.01),而心脏和肾脏的Cx43表达则无影响,小鼠成年后外周血象分析并无明显异常,但应急代偿能力下降,经5-FU处理后,其造血功能恢复显著减缓,处理15 d后,Cx43~(+/+)小鼠造血功能已接近正常水平,而Cx43~(-/-)小鼠仍无明显的恢复迹象,血红蛋白、白细胞及血小板仍处低位,2者差别有统计学显著性(P0.01);体外集落试验也证实Cx43~(-/-)小鼠造血干/祖细胞的增殖能力下降,其CFU-GM或CFU-E集落数均明显少于Cx43~(+/+)小鼠(P0.01),但流式细胞术结果显示,Cx43~(-/-)小鼠骨髓中Lin~-/c-Kit~+/Sca-1~+细胞亚群数量与Cx43~(+/+)小鼠相比差异并无统计学显著性;Cx43~(-/-)小鼠在化疗或移植后其骨髓造血功能重建均延迟,且化疗15 d后骨髓切片及涂片均证实其骨髓中造血细胞增生程度明显降低,脂肪组织显著增多,而且T、B细胞发育也有异常。此外,其外周血中CD4~+CD8~+细胞比例比野生型小鼠增多(P0.05),但CD4~+T细胞显著减少(P0.01),尤其是TCRαβ亚群细胞减少最为明显(P0.01)。同样,Cx43~(-/-)小鼠外周血中CD45R~+sIgM~-细胞亚群比例与野生型小鼠相比显著减少(P0.01)。结论:骨髓中Cx43基因表达在造血干/祖细胞发育(尤其是应急状态时)具重要作用,敲除Cx43基因后造血干/祖细胞增殖减缓,造血及免疫重建功能受损。     

A Computer Reconstruction of the Entire Coronary Arterial Tree Based on Detailed Morphometric Data

A rigorous analysis of blood flow must be based on the branching pattern and vascular geometry of the full vascular circuit of interest. It is experimentally difficult to reconstruct the entire vascular circuit of any organ because of the enormity of the vessels. The objective of the present study was to develop a novel method for the reconstruction of the full coronary vascular tree from partial measurements. Our method includes the use of data on those parts of the tree that are measured to extrapolate the data on those parts that are missing. Specifically, a two-step approach was employed in the reconstruction of the entire coronary arterial tree down to the capillary level. Vessels > 40 μm were reconstructed from cast data while vessels < 40 μm were reconstructed from histological data. The cast data were reconstructed one-bifurcation at a time while histological data were reconstructed one-sub-tree at a time by “cutting” and “pasting” of data from measured to missing vessels. The reconstruction algorithm yielded a full arterial tree down to the first capillary bifurcation with 1.9, 2.04 and 1.15 million vessel segments for the right coronary artery (RCA), left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) trees, respectively. The node-to-node connectivity along with the diameter and length of every vessel segment was determined. Once the full tree was reconstructed, we automated the assignment of order numbers, according to the diameter-defined Strahler system, to every vessel segment in the tree. Consequently, the diameters, lengths, number of vessels, segments-per-element ratio, connectivity and longitudinal matrices were determined for every order number. The present model establishes a morphological foundation for future analysis of blood flow in the coronary circulation.     

Confocal observation of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease: Senile plaque morphology and relationship between senile plaques and astrocytes

Senile plaques In the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with the following three findings. First, in sections stained with Congo red, the serial CLSM images of optical sections clearly revealed that a classic plaque is composed of a plaque core and a corona. Radially arranged process-like structures, corresponding to bundles of amyloid fibrils, formed amyloid cores and stronger signals were detected in the center of some cores. Second, in sections stained with Congo red and anti-gllal fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), reactive astrocytes were found around the senile plaques and many astrocytlc processes surrounded the plaque cores and some processes had penetrated into them. Third, three-dimensional reconstruction on classic plaque revealed that the surface of classic plaque showed a 'coral-like' appearance.