基于骨和无有机成分骨与羟基磷灰石压缩性能实验比较的强度分析

目的分析判定以珊瑚为基体,通过水热交换法制成的羟基磷灰石植入体内后的强度是否可以达到活体骨的水平。方法实验测量羟基磷灰石、含有机成分的骨、无有机成分的骨的压缩极限应力。通过对比羟基磷灰石、骨及无有机成分的骨的压缩强度差别,确定胶原纤维对骨压缩强度的作用,进而应用经验模型预估人造羟基磷灰石在一定空隙度(0.1～0.5)范围变化时的强度。结果羟基磷灰石、骨及无有机成分的压缩强度分别为14.1 GPa、207 GPa和31.7 GPa。结论去除骨中的有机成分后其压缩强度降低约80%。水热交换法制成的羟基磷灰石抗压强度可能高于骨内羟基磷灰石,这种骨替代材料植入体内后,随着骨和纤维组织在内部生长,其强度有可能达到活体骨的水平。     

Predictability of Individual Differences in Activation Processes in a Field Setting Based on Laboratory Measures

The predictability of individual differences in activation processes was investigated in a multi-method laboratory-field study. Male students of physical education (N=58) were examined under various emotionally activating and physically demanding conditions (mental arithmetic, reaction time, free speech, cold pressor test, bicycle ergometer). The assessment included multi-channel recordings of pre-start phases in an athletic stadium and performance on a 1000 m run. Basal heart rate was also recorded during sleep. This multi-situational assessment was repeated after three weeks, three months, and, for most (N=42) subjects, after one year. Significant relationships exist between scores from corresponding conditions of relaxation, anticipation, and performance of physical exercise. However, with the exception of heart rate, correlation coefficients are rather small and seem to be of questionable predictive validity. A generalizability study further supports the general conclusion: To increase the practical relevance in psychophysiological investigations of stress/strain phenomena, such studies should directly assess individual differences in the criterion situations themselves.     

Comparison of Frontal EMG Biofeedback and Several Types of Relaxation Instructions in Reducing Multiple Indices of Arousal

During the training phase, 96 subjects were given one of four types of relaxation instructions (single instructions, repeated instructions, relaxation training, no instructions) and in addition either did or did not receive frontal EMG biofeedback training. Results indicated that each of the instructions and biofeedback procedures were equally effective in reducing frontal EMG, but that none of these procedures had any effect on subjective anxiety or autonomic indices of arousal (pulse rate, skin temperature, and finger pulse volume). During the generalization/stress phase, subjects were threatened with electric shock and were told to apply the relaxation techniques they learned during the training phase even though no additional instructions and/ or biofeedback training would be provided. To assess the effectiveness of the shock manipulation, a no-threat control group was included. Results indicated that: a) the shock manipulation was effective in increasing arousal, b) previous instructions and/or biofeedback were equally effective in reducing frontal EMG levels, but that c) only relaxation training was consistently effective in reducing subjective and autonomic indices of arousal. These findings: a) suggest that in stressful situations, relaxation training may be more effective than either EMG biofeedback or simple relaxation instructions in producing a general relaxation effect as opposed to a specific EMG effect; and b) indicate the importance of assessing the effectiveness of relaxation procedures during stressful situations during which subjects’ levels of arousal are elevated above resting baseline levels.     

Heart Rate Reactivity and Type A Behavior as Modifiers of Physiological Response to Active and Passive Coping

We examined the long term predictivity of heart rate reactivity (HRR) and its relation to cardiovascular and biochemical activity during rest and during tasks requiring active and passive coping. HRR was determined in 28 young men by measuring peak heart rate change to cold pressor one year after performing tasks eliciting active and passive coping. Heart rate change to cold pressor was significantly correlated with change to active coping (r= .65, p<.01) and to passive coping (r= .53, p<.01). Responses to the tasks were equivalent for Type A and B subjects. On the other hand, high HRRs were significantly more reactive than low HRRs with the effect being most apparent during active coping. HRR appeared to be a trait stable over one year which predicted enhanced cardiac, neuroendocrine, and neuromuscular response.     

Plasma concentration and vascular effect of β-endorphin in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats

Summary In order to find out whether -endorphin (-E) is involved in the development of hypertension, we performed two series of experiments. Firstly, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their normotensive Wistar Kyoto controls (WKY) were submitted to ether stress. Plasma concentrations of -endorphin-like immunoreactivity (-EI), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and -melanotropin (-MSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay. The basal concentration of -EI was similar in WKY and SHR, whereas WKY had higher levels of ACTH and lower levels of -MSH than SHR. In both strains acute stress enhanced the plasma concentration of -EI to the same extent and with a similar time-course. The increase of plasma -El coincided with a rise in ACTH but not -MSH. Gel chromatography of -EI revealed that plasma extracts contain similar amounts of -lipotropin- (-LPH) and -E-sized immunoreactive components, and that acute stress elevated both forms of -El. Secondly, isolated tail arteries of SHR and WKY were perfused and field stimulated with two pulses at 1 Hz. -E depressed stimulation-evoked vasconstriction with the same potency in both strains. Thus, basal and stress-induced levels of -EI did not differ in SHR and WKY. Moreover, in the tail artery of both strains the sensitivity of presynaptic opioid receptors towards -E was almost identical. If the -E sensitivity of these receptors in other arteries of WKY and SHR is also similar, a major role of the circulating peptide in the development of hypertension is rather unlikely.This work was partly supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 325) Send offprint requests to B. Bucher at the above address     

Minimal interventions for weight control: a cost-effective alternative

Two studies were conducted to evaluate simpler, less intensive interventions for weight control which presumably would be more cost-effective and efficient than a "full-length" behavioral treatment program. In Study 1, participants in a minimal intervention (MI1) program who attended no regularly scheduled meetings and initially only received three simple verbal instructions about how to lose weight, lost an average of 11.1 lb. by 7-month follow-up. Subjects in three variations of a shortened, less intensive, 6-week behavioral weight loss program lost 7.8, 6.5 and 6.3 lb. but did not significantly differ from MI1 subjects in the amount of weight lost. In Study 2, MI2 subjects lost 5.5 lb. compared to subjects in two variations of a full-length program who lost 8.1 and 11.1 lb. by 6-month follow-up. Again, none of the groups significantly differed from each other in the amount lost. It was concluded that a minimal intervention program seems to produce weight loss and to be a cost-effective and efficient method for some subjects. The difference between the two minimal intervention programs may be related to the payment of a monetary deposit; a model for future research was presented to investigate simpler, less intensive interventions in combination with more complex ones in a "stepped-care" fashion.     

心理健康教育对大学生手机依赖及心理健康的干预效果

目的 分析心理健康教育干预(抑制控制训练联合积极情绪训练)对大学生手机依赖的干预效果。方法 对河南省3所高校600名大学生采用大学生手机成瘾倾向量表对其手机依赖情况进行调查,筛选存在手机依赖大学生随机分为对照组(66人)与观察组(67人),对照组给予抑制控制训练干预,观察组在此基础上联合积极情绪训练干预,比较2组干预前后手机依赖程度及心理健康状况的变化。结果 干预前2组手机成瘾量表评分、手机使用时间、心理弹性量表评分、认知情绪调节量表评分、抑制冲突效应量对比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预后3个月,观察组手机成瘾量表评分(37.11±5.01)分,低于对照组的(41.25±6.33)分;观察组手机使用时间(2.72±0.71)h,低于对照组的(3.37±0.55)h;观察组认知情绪调节量表评分(88.79±5.66)分、心理弹性量表评分(76.63±3.97)分,高于对照组的(81.14±4.79)分、(71.75±4.55)分;观察组抑制冲突效应量(40.35±10.22)ms,低于对照组的(45.14±5.66)ms,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。大学生手机成瘾倾向量表评分与认知情绪调节量表、心理弹性量表评分呈负相关(r=-0.397、-0.453,P<0.01),与冲突抑制效应量呈正相关(r=0.498,P<0.01)。结论 手机依赖直接影响大学生认知情绪调节及心理韧性;而以积极心理学为指导,开展抑制控制训练联合积极情绪训练,可减轻大学生手机依赖,提升认知情绪调节能力及心理韧性,改善自我控制能力,有助于促进其心理健康发展。     

Musculoskeletal injury survivors’ resiliency: A systematic review

BackgroundMusculoskeletal traumas are on the rise in the United States; however, limited studies are available to help trauma providers assess and treat concerns beyond the physical impact. Little is understood about the psychological, social, and spiritual factors that protect patients from adverse effects after a physical trauma or their experiences with each factor afterward.ObjectiveThis systematic review was conducted to investigate and review advancements in research related to risk and resiliency factors experienced by survivors of traumatic musculoskeletal injuries. The use of biopsychosocial-spiritual (BPS–S) framework and resiliency theory guided the analysis.MethodsResearchers reviewed 1003 articles, but only seven met the search criteria. Due to the complexity and uniqueness of traumatic brain injuries, studies on that target population were excluded.ResultsOf the seven articles reviewed, three identified psychological protective factors that protect against negative health outcomes; three identified negative psychological, social, or spiritual outcomes; and none investigated social or spiritual health.ConclusionsThere are significant gaps in the literature surrounding risk and resiliency factors related to the BPS-S health of musculoskeletal injury survivors.     

Caregivers’ Perceived Emotional and Feeding Responsiveness toward Preschool Children: Associations and Paths of Influence

Although there is a large body of research connecting emotion to eating behaviors, little is known about the role of caregivers’ responses to children’s emotions in the context of child feeding. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation between caregivers’ emotional responsiveness and feeding responsiveness. The mothers of 137 children between 2 and 6 years of age reported on their responses to children’s negative emotions using the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale and on their feeding practices using the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire. The results showed that mothers’ supportive emotion responses (e.g., problem-focused, emotion-focused, and expressive encouragement reactions) tend to be positively associated with responsive feeding practices (e.g., encouraging, modelling, and teaching healthy food-related behaviors). Instead, mothers’ unsupportive responses (e.g., distress, punitive and minimization reactions) tend to be positively associated with nonresponsive feeding practices (e.g., food as reward or to regulate emotions, and pressure to eat) and negatively associated with responsive feeding practices. Our results suggest that emotional and feeding responsiveness may be intertwined and that differences in parent’s emotional responsiveness may translate into differences in their feeding styles, setting the stage for parents’ use of positive vs. negative feeding practices.     

A Systematic Review of the Dietary Choline Impact on Cognition from a Psychobiological Approach: Insights from Animal Studies

The influence of dietary choline availability on cognition is currently being suggested by animal and human studies which have focused mainly on the early developmental stages. The aim of this review is to systematically search through the available rodent (rats and mice) research published during the last two decades that has assessed the effect of dietary choline interventions on cognition and related attentional and emotional processes for the entire life span. The review has been conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines covering peer-reviewed studies included in PubMed and Scopus databases. After excluding duplicates and applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria we have reviewed a total of 44 articles published in 25 journals with the contribution of 146 authors. The results are analyzed based on the timing and duration of the dietary intervention and the behavioral tests applied, amongst other variables. Overall, the available results provide compelling support for the relevance of dietary choline in cognition. The beneficial effects of choline supplementation is more evident in recognition rather than in spatial memory tasks when assessing nonpathological samples whilst these effects extend to other relational memory tasks in neuropathological models. However, the limited number of studies that have evaluated other cognitive functions suggest a wider range of potential effects. More research is needed to draw conclusions about the critical variables and the nature of the impact on specific cognitive processes. The results are discussed on the terms of the theoretical framework underlying the relationship between the brain systems and cognition.