Bladder preservation or complete cystectomy during pelvic exenteration of patients with locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer,what should we do?

IntroductionIn patients with locally advanced (LARC) or locally recurrent (LRRC) rectal cancer and bladder involvement, pelvic exenteration (PE) with partial (PC) or radical (RC) cystectomy can potentially offer a cure. The study aim was to compare PC and RC in PE patients in terms of oncological outcome, post-operative complications and quality-of-life (QoL).Materials & methodsThis was a retrospective cohort analysis of a prospectively maintained surgical database. Patients who underwent PE for LARC or LRRC cancer with bladder involvement between 1998 and 2021 were included. Post-operative complications and overall survival were compared between patients with PC and RC.Results60 PC patients and 269 RC patients were included. Overall R0 resection was 84.3%. Patients with LRRC and PC had poorest oncological outcome with 69% R0 resection; patients with LARC and PC demonstrated highest R0 rate of 96.3% (P = 0.008). Overall, 1-, 3- and 5-year OS was 90.8%, 68.1% and 58.6% after PC, and 88.7%, 62.2% and 49.5% after RC. Rates of urinary sepsis or urological leaks did not differ between groups, however, RC patients experienced significantly higher rates of perineal wound- and flap-related complications (39.8% vs 25.0%, P = 0.032).ConclusionPC as part of PE can be performed safely with good oncological outcome in patients with LARC. In patients with LRRC, PC results in poor oncological outcome and a more aggressive surgical approach with RC seems justified. The main benefit of PC is a reduction in wound related complications compared to RC, although more urological re-interventions are observed in this group.     

Induction of apoptotic cell death in rat thymus and spleen after a bolus injection of methamphetamine

We examined whether methamphetamine (MAP) induced apoptotic cell death in vivo. Male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with 25 mg MAP/Kg body weight and were sacrificed at 4, 8 and 24 h. As early as 4 h after a single dose of MAP, DNA ladder bands representing DNA fragmentation into multiples of the internucleosomal DNA length of about 180 by were observed by gel electrophoresis in thymic and splenic DNA. DNA from control rats injected with 1 ml physiological saline/Kg body weight showed no ladder band patterns. The proportion of fragmented DNA from the thymus increased in a time-dependent manner up to 8 h and faint ladder band patterns were observed at 24 h, indicating that cell death via apoptosis occurred at an early stage and then apoptotic bodies were scavenged. DNA fragmentation in the thymus and spleen induced with MAP was also confirmed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTPbiotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method in situ. In control thymus samples, stained cells were numerous in the cortex but sparse in the medulla. At the boundary area between the cortex and medulla, stained cells were seen as a layer. In the MAP-treated rats, stained cells were increased and dispersed equally in the cortex and medulla. In control spleen samples, stained cells were numerous in all areas excluding the germinal centers. Cells at the germinal centers were stained intensively in MAP-treated rat spleen. Light microscopical analyses allowed us to identify lymphocytes during the course of apoptotic cell death. Electron microscopic studies showed morphological landmarks for the process of cellular apoptosis in both organs e.g. lymphocytes with chromatin condensed into crescents at the periphery of the nuclei and apoptotic bodies. These results indicate that MAP induced cell death of the thymic and splenic lymphocytes via apoptosis.     

芥子气致肝脾损伤的研究现状

芥子气(SM)是一种战争中常用的化学毒剂,其致死、致伤率高,且伴随长期慢性伤害。其液气态可能损伤人体不同部位(如,呼吸道、皮肤、眼部等),近年来,SM损伤肝脾也备受人们关注。本文结合SM的毒理特征,对其造成肝、脾损伤的有关问题作一综述。     

Preserving fertility when choosing chemotherapy regimens – the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists

Introduction: The late effects of cancer treatment have recently gained a worldwide ubiquitous interest among reproductive endocrinologists, oncologists, and all health care providers. Despite many publications on this subject, there are many equivocal issues necessitating summary. The case for and against using GnRH-agonist for fertility preservation is summarized with the rationale that preventing ovarian failure may be better than treating it.

Areas covered: We searched Medline in the last 10 years using terms: ‘fertility preservation’, ‘female chemotherapy’, ‘Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues’, ‘GnRH agonists’ ‘gonadotoxicity’, and ‘cancer treatment’. We included mainly publications from the past 7 years, but did not exclude previous, commonly referenced publications. Here, we summarize the various methods available for fertility preservation and minimizing chemotherapy induced gonadotoxicity.

Expert opinion: Until now, 20 studies (15 retrospective and 5 randomized controlled trial) have reported on 2038 patients treated with GnRH-a in parallel to chemotherapy, showing a significant decrease in premature ovarian failure (POF) rate in survivors versus 8 studies reporting on 509 patients, with negative results. Patients treated with GnRH-a in parallel to chemotherapy preserved their cyclic ovarian function in 91% of cases as compared to 41% of controls, with a pregnancy rate of 19 – 71% in the treated patients. Furthermore, over 10 recent meta-analyses have concluded that GnRH-a are beneficial and may decrease the risk of POF in survivors. Because most of the methods involving ovarian or egg cryopreservation are not yet clinically established and unequivocally successful, these young patients deserve to be informed with all the various modalities to minimize gonadal damage and preserve ovarian function and future fertility. Combining the various modalities for a specific patient may increase the odds of preservation of future fertility.     

金属硫蛋白对未成熟心肌和心肌间质的保护作用

目的探讨诱导金属硫蛋白(MT)在未成熟心肌中的表达对缺血-再灌注未成熟心肌和心肌间质的影响。方法将24只兔(14~21d)按随机数字表法分为4组,每组6只,对照组:腹腔注射蒸馏水0.3ml,24h后取离体心脏行Langendorff灌注;组1、组2和组3在腹腔注射3.6%ZnSO4(1.5ml/kg),分别于注射后12h、24h和48h取离体心脏行Langendorff灌注。测定心肌细胞中MT含量、血流动力学、生化指标,观察心肌超微结构改变。结果组2、组3与对照组、组1比较,MT含量、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、羟脯氨酸含量、心肌线粒体[Ca2+-ATPase]m、心肌线粒体合成ATP的能力明显增高(P<0.01),心肌含水量、丙二醛含量、心肌肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶漏出率、心肌线粒体Ca2+含量、心肌线粒体[Ca2+]m和内皮素含量明显降低(P<0.01),心肌超微结构损伤明显减轻。结论腹腔注射ZnSO4可诱导心肌MT长时间表达,MT可减轻未成熟心肌和心肌间质的缺血-再灌注损伤。     

保留盆腔植物神经对老年男性患者术后性功能及排尿功能的影响

目的:探讨保留盆腔植物神经的直肠癌手术对老年男性患者性功能及排尿功能的影响。方法:1999~2005年因直肠癌手术的170例老年男性患者分为PANP组(含规范的TME手术方法)和非PANP(TME规范情况不详),对两组术后性功能、排尿功能和局部复发率进行回顾性总结、比较。结果:PANP组性功能与排尿功能明显优于非PANP组,但统计学无显著差异(P<0.05)。而PANP组局部复发率低于非PANP组(P>0.05)。结论:老年直肠癌患者应重视性功能和排尿功能的保护。     

硝酸甘油对移植犬肺的保护作用

目的评价硝酸甘油对犬肺的保护作用。方法将24只犬随机分为实验组和对照组两组,每组供、受体各6只。实验组用含硝酸甘油的低钾右旋糖酐(low potassium dextran,LPD)灌注液灌注供肺,对照组仅用LPD灌注液灌注供肺,留取供犬右肺继续于灌注液中保存至4h,修剪左肺作移植肺,两组受体犬均行左肺移植术。比较两组供体肺组织不同时间的髓过氧化酶(myeloperoxi-dase,MPO)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量和湿/干重量比(W/D),比较两组受体犬移植前后不同时间肺血流动力学参数以及血气分析指标,并比较病理结果。结果与对照组相比,实验组肺组织灌注后各时间段的MPO活性、丙二醛含量均较低(均为P(0.05),两组W/D差异无统计学意义。实验组受体犬移植后的平均肺动脉压(mean pulmonary arterial pressure,MPAP)低于对照组而动脉血氧分压(PaO2)高于对照组(均为P(0.05)。移植后供肺肺组织的病理学结果显示,实验组肺组织水肿、炎性细胞浸润、损伤等病理变化较对照组减轻。结论在本实验条件下,在灌注液中加入硝酸甘油可以在犬肺移植过程中起到保护肺组织的作用。     

RANKL和OPG在不同骨移植材料拔牙位点保存区的表达

目的 通过观察破骨细胞核因子kB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator nuclear factor kappa B ligand,RANKL)和骨保护因子(osteoprotegerin,OPG)在不同骨移植材料拔牙位点保存时骨构建过程中表达变化,探讨破骨细胞对不同骨移植材料植入拔牙窝内在引导骨再生中的作用.方法 选取6只12月龄雄性beagle犬,微创拔除上下颌双侧第一侧切牙,将4个位点随机做不同处理,A组填人富血小板纤维蛋白(platelet-rich fibrin,PRF),B组填入骨诱导活性材料(osteoinduction active material,OAM),C组填入羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷(coralline hydroxyapatite,CHA),D组空置(对照).6只犬随机分别于术后4周和12周各处死3只,制作牙槽骨标本.免疫组化检测24个拔牙位点保存制作的犬牙槽骨标本中RANKL与OPG的表达变化.结果 术后4周骨组织中OPG的表达A组高于B组、C组和D组(P＜0.05),RANKL的表达D组高于C组、B组和A组(P＜0.05).术后12周骨组织中OPG的表达D组高于C组、B组和A组(P＜0.05),RANKL的表达C组高于B组、A组和D组(P＜0.05).结论 骨移植材料在骨改建过程中通过促进成骨细胞分化成熟而刺激OPG表达升高,抑制破骨细胞.提示骨移植材料通过调控RANKL和OPG在拔牙窝新骨形成过程中发挥作用.     

含二氮嗪的Celsior液和HTK液对移植鼠心脏超时低温保存效果的分析

目的评价含二氮嗪的Celsior液和HTK液对移植鼠心长时间低温保存的效果。方法将32只同种系雄性SD大鼠随机分为Celsior液组和HTK液组，每组8对。采用改良Heron法大鼠颈部异位心脏移植术建立模型。供体麻醉抗凝后，4℃ stanford停搏液灌注心脏停跳，制备离体鼠心，保存于4℃两种不同保存液中10h。之后移植于受体，成功复跳后观察1h，留取标本并测定心率（HR）、心肌含水量（MWC）、心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnⅠ）、心肌酶谱[乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、磷酸肌酸激酶（CK）]，并观察心肌超微结构。结果两组大鼠心脏复跳后均跳动有力、心律齐，与Celsior液组比较，HTK液组大鼠HR明显较慢（P〈005），cTnⅠ、LDH及CK含量明显较高（P〈005），但MWC并无明显变化（P〉0．05）。心肌超微结构显示，Celsior液组大鼠心肌结构清楚，肌纤维排列较整齐，肌节清晰，偶见肌丝溶解；线粒体肿胀不明显，嵴结构相对清楚。HTK液组大鼠心肌结构尚清楚，肌纤维疏松，个别区域肌丝肌节溶解，线粒体轻度肿胀，嵴排列尚整齐，偶有空泡变性。结论含二氮嗪的Celsior液和HTK液低温长时间（10h）保存离体心脏均具有良好的心肌保护效作用，而且相对于HTK液，Celsior液的保存效果更好，可作为临床上心脏移植手术中心脏保存的一种有效的方法。     

肝卵圆细胞经脾脏移植治疗肝纤维化的实验研究

目的研究肝卵圆细胞在治疗肝纤维化的有效性。方法用携带GFP转基因C57BL／6小鼠,喂0．1％的3,5-二乙酯基-1,4二氢三甲基吡啶（DDC）,刺激卵圆细胞增生,再两步酶灌注法和Sea-1抗体标记的免疫磁珠分选法加以分离出携带有GFP的SCa-1＋细胞。利用皮下注射CCI。的方法,建立小鼠肝纤维模型。根据不同的组别经脾分别输入卵圆细胞或生理盐水。4周后观察肝功能各项指标及肝脏的病理改变,比较各组间的差别。结果经脾脏移植后卵圆细胞入肝后主要定植与汇管区。移植后肝功能指标均有不同程度改善,纤维化程度有所减轻,尤以停止注射四氯化碳组明显。结论携带GFP的基因卵圆细胞经脾注射至肝纤维化小鼠体内后,可定植于受者肝脏内,并可缓解肝硬化的进展,促进肝纤维的逆转。