Directed sampling for electrolyte analysis and water content of micro-punch samples shows large differences between normal and ischemic rat brain cortex

Changes in sodium, potassium, and water content in brain tissue are important in the progression of pathology that follows ischemic stroke. Determining these parameters regionally in rodent models of experimental ischemia has been limited because typical tissue weights of more than 35 mg are too large. Identifying ischemic tissue to direct tissue sampling towards ischemic cortex is also represents a difficult generally unresolved area. We suggest that larger differences between normal and ischemic cortex of sodium, potassium, and water content than previously observed can be obtained from directed sampling of 2-mg brain tissue in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. In five rats, the middle cerebral artery and both common carotid arteries were occluded for 4.9+/-0.13 h (mean+/-SEM). Punch-sampling of 1-mm diameter tissue cores for water content (H(2)O%) by the wet-dry method, and [Na(+)] and [K(+)] by flame photometry, was guided by the observation of a subtle change in the surface reflectivity of ischemic cortex of quickly dried, 20-microm frozen brain sections, that was confirmed by MAP2 immunohistochemistry. The ratio of the lesion areas as determined by the reflective change and MAP2 immunoreactivity was 0.96+/-0.03 (n=5). In ischemic cortex H(2)O% was 79.9%+/-0.8%, [Na(+)] was 550+/-25 mEq/kg dry-weight, and [K(+)] 94.2+/-19.2 mEq/kg dry-weight (n=5), all significantly different from the values in border zone cortex, and in cortex contralateral to ischemic cortex and border zone (for all samples n=60, mean wet weight 2.037+/-0.046 mg). Differences between ischemic and normal cortex were 5.4+/-1.1%, 317+/-21 mEq/kg dry-weight, -304+/-27 mEq/kg dry-weight (n=5) for H(2)O%, [Na(+)], and [K(+)]. These differences between ischemic and normal cortex are 1.4-2.5, 1-3.11, and 1.4-3.5 times greater, respectively, than previous results obtained using samples weighing 35 mg or more. These results extend the association of sodium and potassium with ischemic brain edema in the rodent model, and show that these classical measurements can keep pace with the regionality of histochemical and morphological methods.     

家蝇拟除虫菊酯抗药性的分子生物学监测

目的　建立一种可以早期检测昆虫拟除虫菊酯抗药性的方法 ,以利于抗药性的控制。方法　采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)方法 ,用自行设计的特异引物 ,对昆虫的钠离子通道基因进行扩增。结果　共检测敏感家蝇和溴氰菊酯抗性家蝇各 2 0只 ,在所有抗性家蝇的钠离子通道基因中均扩增出特定大小基因片段 ( 183bp) ,表明基因发生了抗性突变。而在所有敏感家蝇的钠通道基因中均未扩增出该基因片段 ,表明未发生基因突变。结论　PCR能够在短时间内完成对昆虫拟除虫菊酯抗性的检测 ,为早期监测昆虫对拟除虫菊酯的抗药性提供了快速可行的方法。     

癫(癎)患儿月服用丙戊酸镁缓释片治疗前后认知功能的变化

目的观察丙戊酸镁缓释剂治疗癫的疗效及其对癫患儿认知功能的影响。方法对38例患儿予丙戊酸镁缓释剂治疗,并密切观察其发作控制的程度、服药期间的不良反应,定期复查肝功能和血常规,治疗前、治疗后6个月分别予患儿智商、P300测定,与正常对照组40例比较。结果完全控制18例(47.4%),显效11例(28.9%),有效6例(15.8%),无效3例(7.9%),总有效率92.1%;治疗前、治疗后6个月癫组智商与正常对照组相比,差异均有显著性(P均<0.01);治疗后6个月癫患儿的P300潜伏期、波幅治疗6个月后较治疗前有所改变,但均无显著性差异(P均>0.05)。结论丙戊酸镁缓释剂治疗儿童癫疗效显著,使用方便,无明确的不良反应,且对儿童认知功能的影响不明显。     

Valproate attenuates dextroamphetamine-induced subjective changes more than lithium

Dextroamphetamine administration in healthy controls produces a range of subjective and physiological effects, which have been likened to those occurring during mania. However, it is uncertain if these can be attenuated by lithium since conflicting results have been reported. To date there have been no previous studies examining the effects of valproate on dextroamphetamine-induced mood and physiological changes. The current study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, study in which volunteers received either 1000 mg sodium valproate (n = 12), 900 mg lithium (n = 9), or placebo (n = 12) pre-treatment for 14 days. Subjective and physiological measures were then obtained prior to administration of a 25 mg dose of dextroamphetamine, and at two time points after administration. Differences in the response to dextroamphetamine were assessed between the three treatment groups. The results of this study show that pre-treatment with lithium only significantly attenuated dextroamphetamine-induced change in happiness, while valproate pre-treatment significantly attenuated the effects of dextroamphetamine on happiness, energy, alertness and on the diastolic blood pressure. These results suggest that lithium and valproate do not have the same mechanism of action on dextroamphetamine-induced changes, and this finding may relate to differences in their mechanism of action in mood disorders.     

High affinity for the rat brain sodium channel of newly discovered hydroxybenzoate saxitoxin analogues from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum.

The paralytic shellfish poison family has been recently extended by the discovery of several analogues possessing a hydoxybenzoate moiety instead of the carbamoyl group one finds in saxitoxin, the parent molecule of this toxin family. We have investigated the potency of these new analogues on a representative isoform of the pharmacological target of these toxins, the voltage gated sodium channel. These toxins were found to have K1's in the low nanomolar range, only slightly less potent than saxitoxin. The hydroxybenzoate group may increase the lipophilicity of these toxins and improve their ability to pass through epithelia and therefore its uptake and elimination in both intoxication victims and animals that bioaccumulate paralytic shellfish toxins.     

头孢哌酮及其与他唑巴坦的复方制剂在家犬体内的药动学研究

目的 :考察头孢哌酮钠在家犬体内的药动学特征 ,比较头孢哌酮钠复方制剂与单组分头孢哌酮钠的药动学差异。方法 :对6只健康家犬单剂量静脉注射头孢哌酮钠粉针剂和注射用头孢哌酮钠/他唑巴坦钠复方制剂后 ,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血清中头孢哌酮钠的血药浓度 ,用3p97药动学程序计算药动学参数。结果 :单一制剂与复方制剂的头孢哌酮钠在体内的处置都符合二室模型 ,AUC0→∞分别为 (486 17±117 98)、(469 74±71 49) (mg·h)/L ,T1/2β 分别为 (0 96±0 13)、(0 85±0 17)h ;参数值经方差分析、双单侧t检验和[1 -2α]置信区间法分析 ,均无显著性差异 (P>0 05)。结论 :以AUC0→∞为衡量指标 ,两种制剂中的头孢哌酮钠具有生物等效性。     

丙戊酸镁联合氨磺必利治疗双相情感障碍的临床效果及对生活质量的改善作用分析

目的 分析双相情感障碍患者应用丙戊酸镁联合氨磺必利治疗的效果及对其生活质量的影响.方法 126例双相情感障碍患者,按照简单随机化法分为对照组和观察组,各63例.对照组应用氨磺必利治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用丙戊酸镁治疗.对比两组疗效、治疗前后生活质量、睡眠质量.结果 观察组治疗总有效率95.24％ 高于对照组的82....     

阿魏酸钠、刺五加注射液对慢性肺源性心脏病急性期临床疗效对比研究

目的 探讨阿魏酸钠、刺五加注射液治疗慢性肺心病急性发作的临床疗效.方法 对90例慢性肺心病急性发作期患者进行了随机对照研究,对照组常规给予持续低流量吸氧、抗生素控制感染、止咳、社痰、平喘等对症治疗;治疗1组在常规治疗的基础上加用阿魏酸钠0.2 g静滴,1次/d,连用14 d;治疗2组在常规治疗的基础上加用刺五加注射液100 ml静滴,1次/d,连用14 d.观察治疗前后血气分析(动脉血氧分压、动脉血二氧化碳分压、动脉血氧饱和度)、血液流变学(全血高切黏度、全血低切黏度、全血还原黏度、红细胞聚集指数、血细胞比容)的变化及临床疗效.结果 与对照组相比.两治疗组的血气分析结果改善明显,两治疗组间未见明显差异(P＞0.05).两治疗组血液流变学均较治疗前有明显改变(P均＜0.05),两治疗组间无显著差异(P＞0.05),与对照组比较均有显著差异(P均＜0.05).临床疗效两治疗组与对照组比较有显著差异(P均＜0.05),两治疗组间无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论 阿魏酸钠、刺五加注射液对慢性肺心病急性期有明显的干预治疗作用;二者临床疗效明显优于对照组,而二者之间未见明显差异.     

Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Is Associated With Treatment Response and Cognitive Function in Euthymic Bipolar Patients Receiving Valproate

BackgroundBipolar disorder (BD) is associated with cognitive impairment and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the associations among mitochondrial DNA copy number (MCN), treatment response, and cognitive function remain elusive in BD patients.MethodsSixty euthymic BD patients receiving valproate (VPA) and 66 healthy controls from the community were recruited. The indices of metabolic syndrome (MetS) were measured. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of blood leukocytes was used to measure the MCN. Cognitive function was measured by calculating perseverative errors and completed categories on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The VPA treatment response was measured using the Alda scale.ResultsBD patients had significantly higher MCN, triglyceride, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, waist circumference, and worse performance on the WCST than the controls. Regression models showed that BD itself and the VPA concentration exerted significant effects on increased MCN levels. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that an MCN of 2.05 distinguished VPA responders from nonresponders, with an area under the curve of 0.705 and a sensitivity and specificity of 0.529 and 0.816, respectively. An MCN level ≥2.05 was associated with 5.39 higher odds of being a VPA responder (P = .006). BD patients who were stratified into the high-MCN group had a higher VPA response rate, better WCST performance, lower CRP level, and less MetS.ConclusionsThe study suggests a link between the peripheral MCN and cognitive function in BD patients. As an inflammatory status, MetS might modulate this association.     

海藻酸钠微球在部分性脾栓塞术中的应用评价

目的 评价海藻酸钠微球（KMG）行部分性脾栓塞术（PSE）治疗肝癌并脾功能亢进（脾亢）的疗效及并发症。资料与方法 58例肝癌并脾亢行PSE患者,依据PSE术所采用的栓塞材料不同分为2组：A组30例,栓塞材料为明胶海绵颗粒;B组28例,栓塞材料为KMG。随访观察两组外周血自细胞（WBC）、血小板（PLT）和红细胞（RBC）计数变化及术后反应。结果 两组患者术后1周、2周、1个月、6个月的WBC和PLT计数均较术前明显升高（P〈0．001）。虽然B组术后WBC和PLT计数较A组升高较多,但两组的疗效差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组术后RBC计数一直无明显变化（P〉0．05）。随着栓塞程度的增加,外周血WBC和PLT计数升高越明显,但是术后反应加重．并发症也随之增加。结论 KMG可作为PSE术的栓塞材料,将栓塞程度控制在50％～60％可有效治疗脾亢,减轻术后反应。