A fast chemiluminescent method for H(2)O(2) measurement in exhaled breath condensate

Background: Breath condensate can give useful information on volatile compounds produced at alveolar level. Actual concentration of H₂O₂ in breath condensate is dependent on its production at alveolar level and on the efficacy of the detoxifying systems, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, etc. Methods: In the present paper, a simple chemiluminescent method for the determination of the H₂O₂ collected in exhaled breath is shown and data of both smokers and nonsmokers volunteers are presented. Results: The chemiluminescent response is linear up to 100 μmol/l H₂O₂. The analytical sensitivity is about 0.01 μmol/l. Most of the nonsmokers have a H₂O₂ content lower than 0.05 μmol/l, while smokers have a content ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 μmol/l.     

曲尼司特减轻松木屑烟雾吸入性损伤大鼠肺组织胶原沉积的研究

目的观察曲尼司特对松木屑烟雾致大鼠肺组织损伤后胶原蛋白合成的影响,为曲尼司特防治松木屑烟雾吸入性损伤致肺组织胶原沉积乃至纤维化提供可行性。 方法将72只雄性SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为正常组、对照组、治疗组、盐水组,每组18只。对照组、治疗组和盐水组大鼠吸入松木屑烟雾共15 min(每间隔5 min吸烟1次,每次5 min,共吸烟雾3次),对照组不给予任何治疗,治疗组和盐水组于吸入烟雾后6 h,分别每天经腹腔注射1次曲尼司特(200 mg·kg^-1)和0.9%氯化钠溶液0.5 mL,正常组大鼠不予致伤、治疗。伤后7、14、28 d,各组取肺组织行苏木精-伊红、Masson染色,并行组织病理评分和计算胶原沉积率(CVF),碱水解法测定肺组织中羟脯氨酸(HYP)含量,对数据行单因素方差分析、t检验。 结果(1)苏木精-伊红染色：松木屑烟致伤后7 d,对照组和盐水组大鼠肺组织中均可见不同程度炎性细胞浸润、充血、肺间质水肿,随着观察时间的延长,肺组织炎性细胞浸润增加、出血增多,肺间隔逐渐增宽。伤后7、14、28 d,治疗组肺组织病理评分[(2.60±0.63)、(4.05±0.20)、(3.80±0.23)分]分别低于对照组[(3.20±0.28)、(5.00±0.40)、(8.48±0.51)分]和盐水组[(3.20±0.16)、(5.20±0.33)、(8.20±0.52)分],差异均有统计学意义(t＝-1.732、-1.837、-4.025、-5.745、-16.673、-15.556, P<0.05),除伤后7 d,治疗组与正常组[(2.20±0.23)分]比较差异无统计学意义(t＝1.188, P>0.05),伤后14、28 d,治疗组均高于正常组,差异有统计学意义(t＝12.438、9.798, P<0.05);(2)胶原沉积：伤后7 d,对照组和盐水组大鼠小气道周围胶原纤维沉积增加,随着观察时间的延长,肺间质逐渐出现大面积的胶原沉积。伤后7、14、28 d,治疗组的CVF[(5.22±0.26)%、(6.66±0.59)%、(4.86±0.44)%]均低于对照组[(6.21±0.31)%、(11.64±0.39)%、(36.17±2.24)%]和盐水组[(6.20±0.56)%、(11.11±1.01)%、(33.72±4.41)%],差异均有统计学意义(t＝-4.893、-3.170、-8.476、-10.184、-27.491、-13.014,P<0.05),且除伤后28 d,治疗组CVF与正常组[(4.54±0.23)%]差异无统计学意义(t＝3.860, P>0.05),伤后7、14 d的治疗组均高于正常组[(4.54±0.23)%、(4.54±0.23)%],差异均有统计学意义(t＝1.275、6.646, P<0.05);(3)HYP表达：伤后7、14 d,治疗组[(0.77±0.01)、(0.97±0.01) μg/mL]、对照组[(0.93±0.01)、(1.27±0.18) μg/mL]和盐水组[(0.92±0.01)、(1.23±0.16) μg/mL]大鼠肺组织中HYP表达均高于正常组[(0.66±0.06)、(0.66±0.06)μg/mL],差异均有统计学意义(t＝3.619、9.134、8.918、10.739、6.309、6.652,P<0.05),且伤后14、28 d治疗组[(0.97±0.01)、(0.83±0.02) μg/mL]显著低于对照组[(1.27±0.18)、(1.43±0.16) μg/mL]和盐水组[(1.23±0.16)、(1.42±0.15) μg/mL],差异均有统计学意义(t＝-3.232、-3.230、-7.699、-7.913,P<0.05),伤后28 d,治疗组[(0.83±0.02) μg/mL]与正常组[(0.66±0.06) μg/mL]低于对照组[(1.43±0.16) μg/mL]和盐水组[(1.42±0.15) μg/mL],差异均有统计学意义[(t＝-7.699、-7.913、-9.326、-9.564, P<0.05),且治疗组与正常组间比较差异无统计学意义(t＝5.720, P>0.05)。 结论曲尼司特减轻了松木屑烟雾吸入性大鼠肺组织病理损伤程度,减少胶原沉积和HYP的表达。     

北京市中学生吸烟现状及影响因素研究

目的了解北京市中学生吸烟行为的现状以及研究相关影响因素。方法采用横断面研究的方法,于2013年9—10月随机从城区、近郊区、远郊区中抽取2个区,每区随机抽取2所高中、2所初中,共6个区24所学校进行问卷调查,对2395份有效样本,其中男生1232名,女生1163名进行单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析影响因素。结果所调查中学生吸烟率为9.5%;男性吸烟率14.7%高于女性4.0%（P〈0.05）。初一~高三学生的吸烟率分别为3.6%、6.3%、7.9%、7.5%、13.4%和21.0%。Logistic回归结果显示男性（OR=4.18）、高年级（以初一学生为基准,初二~高三OR值分别为1.80、2.32、2.17、4.17和7.13）、自感孤独（OR=1.31）是吸烟行为的危险因素（P〈0.05）;父母文化程度高（以初中及以下为基准,高中、大专、本科及以上OR值分别为0.721、0.377和0.476）为吸烟行为的保护因素（P〈0.05）。结论中学生吸烟率较高,高年级男生是干预重点,吸烟行为受学生所受到的社会支持水平影响,减少吸烟行为需要家庭、学校多方面共同参与。     

长春市在校女生吸烟现状及影响因素

目的：调查长春市大学和高中在校女生的吸烟状况及影响因素,为建立适宜的在校女生控烟措施提供依据。方法：采取分层整群随机抽样的方法,对长春市6所中学和1所综合性大学的1945名在校女生开展问卷调查,进行吸烟状况及其影响因素分析。结果：被调查女生总吸烟率为2．5％;城市生源的女生吸烟率高于农村生源的女生（P〈0．01）;少数民族女生吸烟率高于汉族女生（P〈0．05）;职业高中女生吸烟率高于大学和其他高中女生（P〈0．01）;大学和高中女生吸烟行为的主要危险因素有生源地为城市、每月零花钱大于400元、职业高中以及母亲吸烟。结论：学校、社会、家庭3方面应共同开展在校女生控烟的健康教育与健康促进工作,特别重视城市生源、少数民族生源和母亲吸烟的女生的控烟教育。     

Prevalence of hydrogen cyanide and carboxyhaemoglobin in victims of smoke inhalation during enclosed-space fires: a combined toxicological risk

Background. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is one of the most toxic components of fire smoke, but insufficient attention is paid to its potential role as a cause of injury or death in victims (alive or dead) of enclosed-space fires. Objective. To analyse the prevalence of toxic HCN exposure in fire victims and factors that may influence its toxicity, particularly the co-presence of carbon monoxide (CO) and ethanol. Materials and methods. Blood samples from fire victims and persons rescued from fires were analysed. Results. A positive result for HCN (mean concentration 16.83 mg/l) was detected in blood samples from 169 of 285 fire-related deaths (59%). Ethanol was present in 91 (65%) of 139 samples with coincident presence of HCN and carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). HCN (mean 4.0 mg/l) was also detected in 20 of 40 (50%) fire survivors. Discussion. The high prevalence of coincident CO and HCN in enclosed-space, fire-related deaths should alert clinicians to suspect toxic HCN exposure in all persons rescued from fire with signs and symptoms of respiratory distress. Conclusions. Medical procedures in persons rescued from enclosed-space fires, especially in the pre-hospital setting, should be augmented to cover the possibility of toxic HCN exposure, particularly in individuals who do not respond to standard supportive therapy. Likewise, post-mortem investigations should routinely include assays for HCN when determining probable cause of death.     

Tomographic and functional findings in severe COPD: comparison between the wood smoke-related and smoking-related disease

OBJECTIVE:

Wood smoke exposure is a risk factor for COPD. For a given degree of airway obstruction, the reduction in DLCO is smaller in individuals with wood smoke-related COPD than in those with smoking-related COPD, suggesting that there is less emphysema in the former. The objective of this study was to compare HRCT findings between women with wood smoke-related COPD and women with smoking-related COPD.

METHODS:

Twenty-two women with severe COPD (FEV₁/FVC ratio < 70% and FEV₁ < 50%) were divided into two groups: those with wood smoke-related COPD (n = 12) and those with smoking-related COPD (n = 10). The two groups were compared regarding emphysema scores and airway involvement (as determined by HRCT); and functional abnormalities-spirometry results, DLCO, alveolar volume (VA), the DLCO/VA ratio, lung volumes, and specific airway resistance (sRaw).

RESULTS:

There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of FEV₁, sRaw, or lung hyperinflation. Decreases in DLCO and in the DLCO/VA ratio were greater in the smoking-related COPD group subjects, who also had higher emphysema scores, in comparison with the wood smoke-related COPD group subjects. In the wood smoke-related COPD group, HRCT scans showed no significant emphysema, the main findings being peribronchial thickening, bronchial dilation, and subsegmental atelectasis.

CONCLUSIONS:

Female patients with severe wood smoke-related COPD do not appear to develop emphysema, although they do show severe airway involvement. The reduction in DLCO and VA, with a normal DLCO/VA ratio, is probably due to severe bronchial obstruction and incomplete mixing of inspired gas during the determination of single-breath DLCO.     

香烟暴露与戒烟对大鼠肺组织组蛋白去乙酰化酶2的影响

目的 探讨香烟暴露及戒烟对大鼠肺组织组蛋白去乙酰化酶2(histone deacetylase2,HDAC2)的影响.方法 将40只健康雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为5组,每组8只,对照组(A组)、吸烟1个月组(B组)、吸烟2个月组(C组)、戒烟1个月组(D组)、戒烟2个月组(E组).吸烟组及戒烟组大鼠每天上午、下午在自制熏烟盒中给予烟熏两次,吸烟组分别在吸烟1、2个月后取材;戒烟组在给予两个月烟熏后停止,分别正常饲养1、2个月取肺组织标本.正常对照组在正常饲养四个月后取肺组织标本.肺组织标本采用HE染色在镜下观察气道炎症改变、收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),用免疫组化方法检测肺组织HDAC2的表达.结果 与正常对照组相比,吸烟组肺组织HDAC2含量逐渐降低(吸烟2个月组＜吸烟1个月组);戒烟组肺组织HDAC2含量小于正常对照组(P＜0.05),但趋势是逐渐升高(戒烟2个月组＞戒烟1个月组).与吸烟组相比,戒烟组肺组织HDAC2含量有所回升(P＜0.05).结论 香烟暴露可使肺部组织中组蛋白修饰酶HDAC2减少,抑制炎症基因表达作用减弱,戒烟后有所改善.     

Comparison of the impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 and a cigarette on indoor air quality

The impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2) on indoor air quality was evaluated in an environmentally controlled room using ventilation conditions recommended for simulating “Office”, “Residential” and “Hospitality” environments and was compared with smoking a lit-end cigarette (Marlboro Gold) under identical experimental conditions. The concentrations of eighteen indoor air constituents (respirable suspended particles (RSP) < 2.5 μm in diameter), ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), solanesol, 3-ethenylpyridine, nicotine, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, isoprene, toluene, acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and combined oxides of nitrogen) were measured. In simulations evaluating THS 2.2, the concentrations of most studied analytes did not exceed the background concentrations determined when non-smoking panelists were present in the environmentally controlled room under equivalent conditions. Only acetaldehyde and nicotine concentrations were increased above background concentrations in the “Office” (3.65 and 1.10 μg/m³), “Residential” (5.09 and 1.81 μg/m³) and “Hospitality” (1.40 and 0.66 μg/m³) simulations, respectively. Smoking Marlboro Gold resulted in greater increases in the concentrations of acetaldehyde (58.8, 83.8 and 33.1 μg/m³) and nicotine (34.7, 29.1 and 34.6 μg/m³) as well as all other measured indoor air constituents in the “Office”, “Residential” and “Hospitality” simulations, respectively.     

深圳南山区成人超重与肥胖相关因素现状

目的 了解深圳市南山区社区居民超重、肥胖流行现状及其影响因素,为政府制定慢性病防治相关政策提供依据.方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,从深圳市南山区随机抽取10个社区共1 265名成人进行现况调查.调查内容包括问卷调查和体格检查.结果 调查人群的超重率和肥胖率分别达到33.04％,9.01％(标化后分别为31.36％,8.55％).性别、年龄和家庭年均收入是影响超重率的主要因素(P＜0.05),年龄和吸烟则是影响肥胖率的主要因素(P＜0.05),超重、肥胖人群年龄和吸烟间呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).男性超重率明显高于女性,而中老年人超重、肥胖率明显高于青年人,吸烟人群发生肥胖的可能性更高.结论 深圳居民超重、肥胖率处于较高水平,防治工作中应以主要危险因素干预为主,加强健康教育,促进居民健康水平.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对烟雾吸入性损伤兔早期肺组织的影响

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)移植对烟雾吸入性损伤兔早期肺组织损伤的影响.方法 采用直接贴壁法体外培养兔MSCs,用流式细胞术鉴定MSCs.将48只兔制备烟雾吸入性损伤模型后按随机数字表法均分成致伤组和MSCs组.MSCs组伤后立即静脉给予含1×107个/ml MSCs的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)10 ml;致伤组则给予10 ml PBS.分别于干预后2、6和24 h活杀8只兔,取肺组织行组织病理学观察,同时进行肺损伤评分.结果 流式细胞术检测显示所培养细胞为MSCs.肺大体标本和光镜下均观察到MSCs组肺损伤程度较致伤组明显减轻.虽然MSCs组和致伤组伤后2 h肺损伤评分(分)比较差异无统计学意义(4.0±0.7比4.5±0.6,P＞0.05),但MSCs组伤后6 h和24 h肺损伤评分(分)明显低于致伤组(6 h:6.1±0.9比8.2±0.9,24 h:4.6±0.9比10.4±0.8,均P＜0.01).结论 MSCs移植能明显减轻烟雾吸入性损伤兔肺组织损伤,改善肺损伤评分.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)engraftment on lung tissue at early stage of smoke inhalation injury in rabbits. Methods MSCs were proliferated by the method of whole marrow culture and identified by flow cytometry. Forty-eight rabbits were randomly divided into smoke inhalation group (S group) and MSCs group (M group) after reproduction of rabbit smoke inhalation injury model. 10 ml of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) containing 1 × 107/ml MSCs was intravenously injected in M group, meanwhile 10 ml PBS was injected intravenously in S group. Eight rabbits were sacrificed at 2, 6 and 24 hours after intervention, and the lung tissue was harvested for morphological and pathological observation, and lung injury score was used to evaluate smoke inhalation injury.Results Cultured cells were confirmed to be MSCs with flow cytometry. Lung injury in rabbits of M group was less serious in morphology and histopathology than that in S group. Though there was no significance in lung injury score between M group and S group at 2 hours after injury (4.0±0.7 vs. 4.5±0.6, P＞0.05),the lung injury scores in M group at 6 hours and 24 hours after injury were significantly lower than those in S group (6 hours: 6.1±0.9 vs. 8.2±0.9, 24 hours: 4. 6±0.9 vs. 10.4±0. 8, both P＜0. 01). Conclusion Intravenous engraftment of MSCs could ameliorate lung injury induced by smoke inhalation, and improve lung injury score significantly.