Cardio-respiratory morbidity and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution

To explore the long-term influence of particulate air pollution on cardio-respiratory morbidity in the UK, a cross-sectional postal survey was conducted. Women were randomly selected from the electoral rolls of 11 wards in which Black Smoke measurements had been collected over at least 30 years. Our analyses included 1166 women aged 45 years or older who had lived within 5 miles of their current address for at least 30 years. After adjustment for potential confounders there was no clear increase in prevalence of productive cough or medically diagnosed ischaemic heart disease with long-term residence in places with higher levels of particulate pollution. The prevalence of asthma was lower in wards with the highest Black Smoke measurements (prevalence ratio 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 - 1.0). Our findings provide no indication that prolonged residence in places with relatively high levels of particulate pollution causes an important increase in cardio-respiratory morbidity. This is in contrast to observations in US studies. In view of this discordance, there is a need for further evaluation of the long-term impact of particulate pollution on health in the UK.     

The influence of tobacco smoke and nicotine on thiocyanate metabolism

Summary The enzyme thiosulphate-sulphurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.1, formerly called rhodanese) of guinea pig organs is inhibited after exposure of organ homogenates to cigarette smoke. The inhibitors are present in the gaseous phase and in the particulate matter of the smoke. After smoke exposure of guinea pigs in vivo, the enzyme is also inhibited in several organs, the thiocyanate content of most of the organs is increased. Nicotine has no influence on the activity of the enzyme in vitro, but administration of nicotine to guinea pigs in vivo leads to an inhibition of the enzyme in most of the organs investigated. The thiocyanate content of several organs is elevated after nicotine administration.     

吸烟和碘缺乏对生育期女性抗氧化功能影响

采用2×2析因实验设计,对缺碘(ID)及吸烟(SI)的20～40岁女性抗氧化功能水平进行观察,结果发现ID和SI双因素协同作用可使全血GSH-Px活性(85.1±13.38u/min.pro)和红血球SOD活性(2199.4±174.02nu/mg.pro)减弱,血清LPO5.35±1.44nmol/ml)增高和甲状腺体积增大(P均＜0.01);未见SI因素对甲状腺体积和ID因素对LPO含量及尿碘、甲状腺体积增大有影响.提示缺碘者吸烟可加重甲状腺肿大,缺碘还可加重甲状腺过氧化功能的损伤.在缺碘地区禁烟尤为重要.     

烟雾暴露对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞曲霉防御功能的影响

目的研究烟雾暴露对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)曲霉防御功能的影响。方法建立烟雾暴露大鼠模型,分离肺泡巨噬细胞,并用免疫荧光法进行鉴定。加入烟曲霉孢子共培养,测定AM的吞噬率及吞噬指数;用ELISA方法检测培养上清中TNF-α和IL-1β的浓度;用免疫组化检测树突状细胞相关性C型植物血凝素-1(Dectin-1)蛋白的表达。结果烟雾暴露组AM对烟曲霉孢子的吞噬率下降(P<0.05),吞噬指数无显著变化。孢子刺激后,烟雾暴露组培养上清中TNF-α和IL-1β的浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。烟雾暴露组AM中Dectin-1蛋白的表达低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论烟雾暴露使大鼠AM吞噬能力下降,对曲霉的防御功能受损,这种功能变化可能与Dectin-1蛋白表达降低有关。     

腺病毒感染对生物燃料烟雾所致豚鼠肺部炎症反应的作用

目的 探讨腺病毒感染在生物燃料烟雾所致的豚鼠肺部炎症反应中的作用.方法 将46只雌性白化豚鼠用随机数字表法分为感染组(26只)和假感染组(20只),感染组鼻腔接种野生型5型腺病毒(Ad5),假感染组接种PBS作为对照.22 d后再用随机数字表法将每组各20只豚鼠再分为暴露于木材锯末和谷壳烟雾组与暴露于新鲜空气的对照组.21 d后检测豚鼠肺组织病理和BALF中白细胞介素(IL)-8、IL-6和细胞黏附分子-1(CAM-1)的含量.所有数据均以x±s表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析.结果 生物燃料烟雾暴露和腺病毒感染均能使豚鼠BALF中白细胞总数明显增高[(37.1±5.5)×106/L和(16.8±2.3)×106/L],与对照组[(11.2±2.5)×106/L]比较差异有统计学意义(F值分别为208.947和22.687,均P＜0.01),且有交互作用.生物燃料烟雾暴露的豚鼠BALF中IL-8、IL-6和CAM-1浓度增高[(0.38±0.06)、(O.188±0.021)和(6.5±1.6) mg/kg],与对照组[(O.30±0.05)、(0.125±0.022)和(4.8±0.9) mg/kg]比较差异均有统计学意义(F值为13.525～69.021,均P＜0.01),腺病毒感染及豚鼠BALF中IL-8及CAM-1浓度增高[(0.37±0.05)和(8.2±2.1) mg/kg],差异均有统计学意义(,值分别为11.964和57.162,均P＜0.01),对IL-6[(O.126±0.023) mg/kg]无明显影响(F=0.667,P＞0.05).腺病毒感染及生物燃料烟雾暴露对豚鼠BALF中IL-8、CAM-1浓度增加有协同作用(F值分别为5.153和56.573,P＜0.05和P＜0.01).结论 木材锯末与谷壳烟雾可导致豚鼠肺部炎症反应,出现支气管炎及肺气肿样改变,腺病毒感染可加重生物燃料烟雾引起的豚鼠肺组织的炎症反应.     

吸烟与慢性阻塞性肺疾病及肺功能关系的实验研究

目的探讨吸烟与慢性阻塞性肺疾病及肺功能的关系。方法采用肺功能仪对240例吸烟者进行肺功能检查,分析吸烟对肺功能的影响。结果吸烟组与不吸烟组比较,FEV1,FEV1／FVC％,MVV,MMEF明显降低,非吸烟人员变化不明显。COPD患者随吸烟指数的增加,肺功能分级越高,病情越重。结论吸烟在COPD发病中起重要作用,随着吸烟指数的增多,COPD的严重程度分级也逐渐增高,因此对于COPD患者,应该加强戒烟教育。     

Repeated exposure to moxa-burning smoke: its acute and chronic toxicities in rats

OBJECTIVE

To assess toxicities of the air in Chinese medicine clinics polluted by moxa-burning smoke due to moxibustion-derived burning products (MBP).

Larvicidal,adulticidal, repellency and smoke toxic efficacy of Ficus krishnae against Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex vishnui group mosquitoes

ObjectiveTo establish the plant Ficus krishnae as potential antimosquito agent.MethodsLarvicidal and adulticidal efficacy of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaves of Ficus krishnae were evaluated against 3rd instar larvae and adults of Anopheles stephensi and Culex vishnui group mosquito for 24 h. Smoke toxicity test along with test for repellency on adult forms of the two mosquitoes were performed by the methanol extract.ResultsThe mortality rate varies in a dose dependent characteristic. The tests for larvicidal and adulticidal activity with both the solvent extracts showed significant efficiencies against the mosquitoes studied. The outcome of smoke toxicity test and repellency test were impressive.ConclusionThe study reveals that the solvent extracts of Ficus krishnae could be an effective natural alternative to get control over the mosquito population.     

预防性雾化吸入依达拉奉对吸入性损伤大鼠肺功能的影响

目的 探索预防性雾化吸入依达拉奉对烟雾吸入性损伤大鼠肺功能的影响.方法 选取雄性Sprague-Dawle大鼠30只,按照随机数字表法分为5组:正常对照组(A组),生理盐水组(B组),依达拉奉6 h治疗组(C组),依达拉奉24 h治疗组(D组),依达拉奉预防组(E组),每组6只.除A组外,B、C、D、E组制作重度烟雾吸入性肺损伤模型,E组造模前雾化吸入1.8 mg/mL依达拉奉10 min.模型制作成功后30 min,B组雾化吸入生理盐水、C及D组雾化吸入1.8 mg/mL依达拉奉10 min,间隔1 h重复1次,共4次;E组雾化吸入1.8 mg/mL依达拉奉10 min,间隔1 h重复1次,共3次,A组无处理.A～C及E组于伤后6 h、D组于伤后24 h取大鼠颈动脉血行血气分析计算氧合指数[动脉氧分压(PaO2)/吸入氧浓度(FiO2)];取腹主动脉血离心后检测血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-10含量;留取肺组织制备肺组织匀浆测定半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及肺髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;以干/湿重法计算湿干比(W/D)及肺组织含水率;TUNEL法检测肺组织细胞凋亡率;取部分肺组织行病理HE染色后光镜观察.结果 与A组比较,其余各组肺组织含水率、W/D、肺组织细胞凋亡率、Caspase-3、MDA、MPO、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10水平均升高(P<0.05),SOD水平及PaO2/FiO2降低(P<0.05),差异均有统计学意义;C～E组较B组肺含水率、W/D、肺组织细胞凋亡率、Caspase-3、MDA、MPO、TNF-α、IL-6水平下降(P<0.05),IL-10、SOD水平及PaO2/FiO2升高(P<0.05),且上述变化E组>D组>C组(P<0.05),差异均有统计学意义.镜下C～E组较B组肺组织充血减轻,炎症细胞浸润明显减少,且E组上述表现更加显著.结论 雾化吸入依达拉奉可能通过抑制细胞凋亡、减少炎症介质及自由基的产生及释放对烟雾吸入性损伤起到肺保护作用,并存在一定的时效关系,早期用药效果更佳.     

Propuesta de algoritmo para el manejo de la vía aérea del paciente tras inhalación de humo

Smoke inhalation represents the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in burns patients. Given the injuries that can occur in the airway after this exposure, it is imperative to evaluate the need for orotracheal intubation in the emergency department and even in the place of first assistance by healthcare workers. Since the clinical signs are poor predictors of the severity of the lesion, in selected cases, it is advisable to perform a diagnostic fibroscopy. We present a case report of a patient with a smoke inhalation lesion in which the fibroscopy was determinant to proceed to intubation, and we propose an algorithm of action for the management of the airway in this type of patients.