三万名大、中学生吸烟状况的调查研究

１９８９～１９９０年作者对福州、厦门、沈阳、成都四城市的１６所中学和７所大学３万名学生中的吸烟状况进行调查的结果表明：男生吸烟率初中为４．１７％、高中为１２．６５％、大学为３０．４８％；女生吸烟率初中为０．１８％、高中为０．２１％、大学为２．１９％。吸烟率随年龄和学龄的增长而上升，男生吸烟率远比女生高。开始吸烟年龄，初中男生主要为１２～１４岁、高中男生为１４～１６岁、大学为１７～２０岁。开始吸烟的主要原因是伙伴劝吸、生活无聊和消除紧张，家人吸烟对学生也有很大影响。调查结果与１９８４年全国吸烟调查结果相比，５年间男生吸烟率初中上升１．７个百分点、高中上升９．６个百分点、大学上升９．１个百分点，呈上升趋势。     

A simple machine for smoke analytical studies and total particulate matter collection for biological studies

The need for modest quantities of smoke for use in biological studies resulted in the development of a simple machine for smoke analytical studies and total particulate matter (TPM) collection. The machine can be used for the study of mainstream and sidestream smoke and the gas phase of both, with the accuracy and precision of more complex smoking machines. The machine is described and machine performance is evaluated by TPM data obtained under typical operating conditions. One gram of TPM can be collected from a high TPM delivery cigarette by one technician in 2 h. When sidestream smoke is collected, the machine can be operated without the escape of smoke components to the laboratory atmosphere.     

Dose level effects of triazolam on sleep and response to a smoke detector alarm

Thirty-six young adult, male subjects with sleep-onset insomnia were equally divided into placebo, 0.25 mg, and 0.5 mg triazolam groups to examine the effects of the hypnotic, with particular attention to dose level on efficacy, sleep stages, and awakening to a smoke detector alarm. On nights 1 and 4 of a five-consecutive-night protocol, a standard home smoke detector alarm was sounded during stage 2, 5 min after sleep onset, in slow wave sleep (SWS), and at the time of the early morning awakening. The alarm registered 78 dB SPL at the pillow. EEG arousal latency and reaction time to a button press were studied. Failure to awaken to three 1-min alarm presentations was scored as no response. Both dose levels produced similar reductions in sleep latency, decreases in SWS, increases in stage 2, and increases in sleep efficiency. Both dose levels showed similar sedative effects to the smoke alarm. Fifty percent of triazolam subjects failed to awaken on night 1 during SWS, and EEG arousal and response latencies were significantly slowed. Some drug tolerance or sensitization to the alarm was seen by night 4. By morning, all subjects were easily awakened on both nights. The 0.25 mg dose is clearly an effective dose level for both sleep efficacy and sedative effects to outside noise, which in some instances could pose potantial problems.     

中药814对地鼠实验性肺气肿的保护作用

目的：进一步探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的发病机理,寻找防治用药,方法：给药鼠气道内1次滴注猪胰弹性蛋白酶复制肺气肿动物模型,以及附加烟雾吸入,分别用中药814灌胃治疗1个月及3个月。观察肺组织形态,肺动脉压（PAP）,血清a1-抗胰蛋白酶（a1-AT）,丙二醛（MDA）,β－葡萄糖醛酸酶（β-g),肺组织前列腺素类（PGs)的变化,结果：1个月时形成中度肺气肿,PAP、β-g、MDA、PGE2、及TXB2／6－keto-PGF1a均显著升高（P＜0．05或＜0．01）,而3个月时a1-AT下降（P＜0．05）。至3个月时或附加烟雾吸入组,上述指标多元进一步的显著变化,中药814对肺组织形态学改变,PAP,β-g,MDA及TXB2／6－keto-PGF1a的升高以及a1-AT的下降有一定的缓解作用,结论：抗蛋白酶之间的失衡是COPD发病学的关键因素,中药814有一定保护作用。     

Electronic Cigarette and Vaping-Associated Lung Injury: Basic Information for Nurses

Electronic cigarette and vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) is a more recent type of lung injury. Initial complaints of presenting patients include respiratory, gastrointestinal, and constitutional symptoms. Chest x-ray imaging studies show bilateral opacities, and computed tomography scans show diffuse, ground-glass opacities often with subpleural spacing. Through rigorous public health surveillance, ultimately, it was determined to be highly associated with the vaping of black-market THC liquid containing vitamin E oil. This article will address the types of devices used, the chemistry involved in vaping, the possible adverse effects, and the circumstances that led to this phenomenon.     

烟雾暴露对卵白蛋白致敏的急性支气管哮喘大鼠模型肺组织激活素A mRNA和蛋白表达的影响

目的分析烟雾暴露对卵白蛋白致敏的急性支气管哮喘大鼠模型肺组织激活素A mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。方法取28只健康成年雄性SD大鼠,按照随机分配原则,分为空白对照组(正常大鼠,不采取任何处理)、阴性对照组(正常大鼠+烟雾暴露)、模型组(制备卵白蛋白致敏的急性支气管哮喘大鼠模型)、实验组(急性支气管哮喘大鼠+烟雾暴露),每组各7只。行苏木精-伊红染色,观察各组大鼠肺组织病理学改变;采用免疫印迹法检测大鼠肺组织中激活素A蛋白表达水平;根据实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测大鼠肺组织中激活素A mRNA相对表达量。结果经病理学染色结果可知,空白对照组肺组织病理学未见异常,而阴性对照组、模型组及实验组肺组织出现不同程度的病理学改变,且实验组更加明显。经免疫印迹法检测可知,阴性对照组、模型组及实验组肺组织中激活素A蛋白表达水平较空白对照组均明显升高(P <0. 05);模型组肺组织中激活素A蛋白表达水平较阴性对照组明显升高(P <0. 05);实验组肺组织中激活素A蛋白表达水平较阴性对照组和模型组明显升高(P <0. 05)。经实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测可知,相比空白对照组,阴性对照组、模型组及实验组肺组织中激活素A mRNA相对表达量均明显上调(P <0. 05);相比阴性对照组,模型组肺组织中激活素A mRNA相对表达量明显上调(P <0. 05);相比阴性对照组和模型组,实验组肺组织中激活素A mRNA相对表达量明显上调(P <0. 05)。结论在卵白蛋白致敏的急性支气管哮喘大鼠模型中,经烟雾暴露可促进大鼠肺组织激活素A蛋白表达,提高激活素A mRNA表达量,并进一步导致气道炎症加重。     

吸烟患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度与动脉弹性的相关性研究

目的:应用血管内中膜分析技术(QIMT)和动脉僵硬度分析技术(QAS)评价吸烟患者颈动脉内膜一中层厚度与弹性的相关性。方法:随机选取吸烟患者(年龄<35岁)80例作为病例组,40例同期健康志愿者为对照组。应用QIMT和QAS技术对颈动脉进行检查,获得颈动脉的内膜一中层厚度(IMT)、顺应性系数(CC)、扩张性系数(DC)、僵硬度系数(β)。病例组再根据IMT分组;IMT<0.9mm为病例1组,1组患者再根据吸烟量分为1a组(烟龄小于5年,且<20支/d)及1b组(烟龄>5年,且>20支/d),IMT≥0.9mm为病例2组。结果:对照组、病例1a组、病例1b组,病例2组的DC、CC差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),对照组>病例1a组>病例1b组>病例2组。病例组的β与吸烟、颈动脉IMT呈明显正相关。β与吸烟量r=0.789,P=0.00;β与颈动脉IMTr=0.715,P=0.000。结论:QIMT可较准确地测量颈动脉IMT,QIMT与QAS技术联合应用使颈动脉的解剖结构成像与功能成像有机地结合,可成为深入研究颈动脉早期结构和功能改变的有效手段。     

携带肝细胞生长因子基因的重组腺病毒修复烟熏致大鼠肺气肿的作用

目的 通过构建大鼠肺气肿模型,观察携带肝细胞生长因子基因的重组腺病毒(Ad-HGF)对肺气肿病变的修复作用.方法 40只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:肺气肿组(A组)、肺气肿+Ad-HGF 组(B组)、肺气肿+Ad-GFP组(c组)和正常对照组(D组);采用烟熏法建立大鼠肺气肿模型.A组给予0.5 ml生理盐水灌注治疗,B组给予1×10 9 pfu Ad-HGF,C组给予1×10 9 pfu Ad-GFP,D组正常饲养;干预后14 d取腹主动脉血,作动脉血气分析.取C组大鼠部分肺组织作常规冰冻切片,荧光显微镜下观察目的 基因的表达;取A,B,D组大鼠肺组织制作病理切片,观察并计算平均肺泡面积(MAA);采用脱氧核糖核酸末端转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记技术和增殖细胞核抗原免疫组织化学法对大鼠肺实质凋亡细胞、增殖细胞的阳性细胞率(AI、PI)进行检测.结果 与D组相比,A组、B组、C组大鼠的肺组织都存在不同程度的肺气肿病理改变,肺组织切片中Ad-HGF治疗组病理改变明显轻于模型组;各组大鼠动脉血气分析比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Ad-HGF治疗组MAA[-(4 227.63±156.01),μm2] 显著小于模型组[(6 346.35±148.60)μm2,P＜0.05] ,Ad-HGF治疗组AI[(18.95±2.27)%] 显著低于模型组[(23.41±3.55)%,P＜0.05] ,以上两组AI均高于正常对照组[(5.40±1.22)%,P＜0.05] ;Ad-HGF治疗组PI[(17.51±1.89)%] 显著高于模型组[(15.51±2.75)%,P＜0.05] ,以上两组PI均高于正常对照组[(5.44±1.80)%,P＜0.05] .结论 Ad-HGF对烟熏大鼠肺气肿有修复作用.     

被动吸烟对血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平影响的研究

目的探讨被动吸烟对血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平的影响程度。方法采用调查问卷与血脂检测相结合的方法,对2040例自身无吸烟习惯,但有被动吸烟情况者(C组)的HDL-C水平进行分析,并与3533例不主动吸烟者(B组)、1741例主动吸烟者(D组)、1493例既不主动吸烟,又无被动吸烟者(A组)进行比较。结果 A组、B组、C组、D组的HDL-C水平分别为1.45mmol/L、1.43mmol/L、1.42mmol/L、1.28mmol/L。C组与B组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);C组与D组相比,差异具有高度统计学意义(P<0.0005);C组与A组相比,差异具有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论自身无吸烟习惯,但有被动吸烟情况者血清HDL-C水平要比既不主动吸烟,又无被动吸烟者低;因此,应远离香烟,避免被动吸烟。但即使是被动吸烟,血清HDL-C水平也要比主动吸烟者显著高。因此,最好不吸烟。