雾化吸入米力农对烟雾吸入性损伤大鼠肺的保护作用

目的探讨米力农对大鼠烟雾吸入性损伤肺保护作用。方法雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠32只,随机分为正常组（Ⅰ组）、生理盐水组（Ⅱ组）、低剂量米力农组（Ⅲ组）、高剂量米力农组（Ⅳ组）,每组8只。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组建立吸入性损伤模型,伤后30min开始分别给予雾化生理盐水、0.4mg/ml米力农、1mg/ml米力农,每次10min,间隔50min,共4次,Ⅰ组不予处理。最后一次雾化治疗结束后30min后,检测4组大鼠血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量,以及肺组织匀浆中丙二醛（MDA）含量、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,取左肺组织经做病理HE染色切片光镜观察。结果Ⅲ组以及Ⅳ组的IL-6、TNF-α、MDA、MPO均比Ⅱ组降低,IL-10、SOD活性增高;Ⅳ组相对于Ⅲ组IL-6、MDA、MPO降低,SOD活性增高（P〈0.05）。光镜下Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组较生理盐水组肺组织炎细胞浸润减少,肺水肿减轻。结论吸入性损伤后,早期雾化吸入米力农可以调节炎症/抗炎症以及氧化/抗氧化的平衡,对肺损伤早期起到肺组织保护作用。     

Injuries and deaths at a pub fire in Bangkok, Thailand on New Year's Eve 2009

This investigation describes the 67 people who died and the 153 who were hospitalized from a New Years’ Eve fire in a Bangkok pub. We interviewed survivors and reviewed medical charts and forensic reports of decedents. Survivors were young (median age 27 years), single (84.7%) and lived in Thailand (93.6%). Most were on the concert floor when the fire started (74.0%), became aware of danger when they saw flames (61.5%) and escaped through the main entry door (42.9%). Common injuries were burns (75.6%), smoke inhalation (47.4%) and open wounds (32.1%). The decedents’ median age was 27 years and 88.1% lived in Thailand. Most of the dead bodies were found at or near the main entrance. The main causes of death were asphyxia (88.1%) or burn (10.4%). Soot was present in the trachea of 95.5% of the decedents. Carboxyhemoglobin level in 37.5% was in the toxic range. The average percent of body surface burned was 75.0%. Loss of consciousness in the pub (RR 3.5, 95% CI 1.7-7.3) was a risk factor for severe injury and smoke inhalation (RR 9.3, 95% CI 3.1-28.0) was a risk factor for death.     

A rat model of smoke inhalation injury

Context: Smoke inhalation injury is the leading cause of acute respiratory failure in critical burn victims. Advances in the treatment of smoke inhalation injury have been limited in the past years. To further explore the pathogenesis, stable and practical animal models are necessary.

Objective: To develop a rat model of smoke inhalation injury.

Materials and methods: The smoke composition including the particulate matters, irritant gases, chemical carcinogens was measured. The blood gas values, pro-inflammatory and protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung wet to dry weight ratio were assayed. Pathological evaluations of pulmonary were performed at 24 h, 96 h, 7 days and 28 days post-injury. Masson–Goldner trichrome staining was performed on day 7 and 28 post-injury, along with the measurement of hydroxyproline and collagen I and III.

Results: In our present animal model, smoke inhalation caused a significant hypoxemia and CO poisoning. A surge of pro-inflammatory response and microvascular hyperpermeability with neutrophils accumulations were also found in our animal model. At 24 h post-smoke inhalation, the hematoxylin and eosin results exhibited that there were inflammatory exudates and diffuse hemorrhage in the lung tissue with significant edema. With the time going, the lung injuries appeared at alveolar collapse and alveolar septum thickening, which indicated that smoke inhalation further induced damage to lung parenchyma. Specially, the markedly collagen deposition appeared at 28 days post-injury indicated that pulmonary fibrosis happened.

Discussion and conclusion: In conclusion, this rat smoke inhalation injury model induced by our novel self-made smoke generator could be used for acute and chronic lung injury experiments.     

烟龄对血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平影响的研究

目的分析烟龄对血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平的影响。方法对1741例吸烟者的资料,以5年为一个阶段,对7个烟龄组吸烟者的血清HDL-C水平进行分析,并进行组间比较,同时对不同烟龄上下两组之间HDL-C水平的差异进行比较。结果烟龄1～5年组吸烟者血清HDL-C水平为1.34mmol/L,与不吸烟组的HDL-C水平1.43mmol/L相比,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。烟龄6～10年组血清HDL-C水平为1.28mmol/L,与烟龄1～5年组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。烟龄6年以上各组之间,以及各不同烟龄上下两组之间HDL-C水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论即使烟龄仅有1年,血清HDL-C水平已显著低于不吸烟者;当烟龄达到5年时,对血清HDL-C水平的影响已与烟龄大于30年者相当。提示吸烟对HDL-C的负面影响在开始建立吸烟习惯早期已能快速且充分地显示出来。建议吸烟者尽早戒除吸烟习惯,不吸烟者不要建立吸烟习惯。     

The linear relationship between cigarette tar and nicotine yields: regulatory implications for smoke constituent ratios

Cigarette smoke analyte yields are often expressed as ratios relative to tar or nicotine yields, usually to compare different products or to estimate human uptake of smoke in relation to nicotine uptake measurements. The method, however, can lead to distorted interpretations, especially in the case of ratios from ultra-low tar yield cigarettes. In brief, as tar yields decrease below the 5–6 mg per cigarette range, the tar-to-nicotine ratio (TNR) decreases rapidly in a non-linear fashion. If, however, the nicotine yield, rather than the ratio, is plotted versus the tar yield, the non-linearity disappears and a straight line is obtained, with a slight positive intercept for nicotine on the ordinate. Unlike the ratio, the slope appears to depend only on the concentration of the nicotine in the blend and does not appear to vary with smoking parameters such as puff volume, puff interval or length smoked or with cigarette design parameters such as length, circumference or the amount of filtration or filter ventilation. Therefore, such a slope is analogous to the TNR although, unlike that ratio, it is invariant. Even more simply, the concentration of the nicotine in the blend, at least for American blend-style cigarettes, provides a similar index.     

三种蚊香烟雾对招待所室内空气污染的调查

目的了解有烟蚊香,无烟蚊香和电蚊香片烟雾对招待所室内空气的污染状况。方法对有烟蚊香、无烟蚊香和电蚊香片在不同通风状态、不同燃烧(加热)时间下室内一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化碳(CO2)、可吸入颗粒物(IP)浓度进行测定。结果在门窗关闭状态下:有烟蚊香燃烧后室内CO、CO2和IP浓度均有超标现象;无烟蚊香燃烧后室内CO浓度严重超标,室内CO2浓度在个别时间点亦出现超标;电蚊香片加热6h,以上指标均未超标。在门窗全开状态下:有烟蚊香燃烧后IP浓度出现超标,其余指标均未超标;无烟蚊香燃烧后各指标均未超标;电蚊香片加热后各指标均未超标。结论有烟蚊香、无烟蚊香烟雾都能造成招待所室内空气污染,电蚊香片烟雾在该次实验中尚未造成招待所室内空气污染。     

成都市医生吸烟现状及男性医生吸烟行为影响因素研究

目的了解成都市医生的吸烟状况及男性医生吸烟的影响因素。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法,对抽取的成都市710名医生进行吸烟现状调查,应用Logistic回归模型探讨男性医生吸烟的影响因素。结果本次调查的医生总体吸烟率为17.2%,男性医生吸烟率为37.3%;男性从不吸烟者和曾经吸现在已戒烟者的相关认知均好于吸烟者(F=3.61,P0.01;F=2.98,P0.01),从不吸烟者和曾经吸现在已戒烟者的相关态度均好于吸烟者(F=2.31,P0.01;F=2.29,P0.01);男性医生吸烟的影响因素为年龄、工龄、相关知识得分、相关态度得分和单位禁烟。结论本次调查的医生吸烟率较低,男性吸烟者吸烟相关认知差于不吸烟者,应该根据调查的相关吸烟影响因素制定医院控烟措施,进一步降低医生的吸烟率。     

Patterns,Beliefs, Norms and Perceived Harms of Hookah Smoking in North Iran

Introduction: Hookah smoking is considered as a public health threat around the globe. The aim of this study was to investigatethe hookah smoking patterns, beliefs, norms and perceived harms in Golestan province of Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 395 hookah smokers using convenience sampling method in 2015. To collect data, Heinz’s hookah patternwas utilized. Ordinal regression models were used to exploring of covariates related to the odds of life time, last-30-day, and current hookah use. Results: In general, 357 (90.4%) subjects were male smokers. Most of subjects smoked hookah in café (62.2%) and with friends (75.6%). The majority of them (71.1%) did not consider themselves as a hooked person. Cigarette smoking (OR =.65, 95 % CI .42-.98), low perceived addictiveness of hookah than cigarettes (OR =2.33, 95 % CI 1.45-3.73), Social context of hookah smoking with friends in café (OR =1.14, 95 % CI 1.08-1.2), and number of close friends who smoked hookah (OR =1.38, 95 % CI 1.18-1.61) were effective variables affected the past month use of hookah. Conclusion:Development, implementation and assessment of interventions particularly adapted to hookah smoking regarding increase of perceived harm of hookah than cigarette and its probable addiction focusing on close friends appeared to be beneficial.     

Effect of type D personality on smoking status and their combined impact on outcome after acute myocardial infarction

Background

Smoking cessation is correlated with several psychological, social, biological, and pharmacological aspects. The combined tendency to experience negative emotions and to inhibit the expression of these emotions is indicated as “type D personality,” an independent risk marker for clinical outcome in cardiac disease. Despite this effect of type D personality on cardiovascular disease, it is still unclear whether this personality trait may influence smoking cessation after a myocardial infarction.

Hypothesis

we hypothesized that there is a relationship between type D personality and smoking persistence in acute coronary syndrome patients, and this association may predict a worse long‐term prognosis.

Methods

The study enrolled 231 patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Type D scale 14 (ds 14) was administered upon admission to the hospital.

Results

After controlling for demographic and clinical confounders, non–type D patients reported statistically significant higher frequencies of smoking cessation when compared with the type D group. In addition, the presence of this psychological factor anticipates significantly the onset of smoking during adolescence. Furthermore, current type D smokers had a higher incidence of cardiovascular events during long‐term follow‐up.

Conclusions

Type D personality and smoking status increase the risk of cardiac events. An emotionally stressed personality and persistence of smoking after the first cardiac event, and mostly their mutual influence, indicate a population at high cardiovascular risk.     

急性香烟烟雾熏蒸后对小鼠心率及心电活动的影响

目的探讨急性香烟烟雾熏蒸对小白鼠心率及心电活动的影响。方法将30只健康小白鼠随机分为两组,熏烟组20只,对照组10只,实验前测量每只小鼠的心率和心电活动。然后将熏烟组放入密封塑料箱中被动急性烟雾熏蒸5min后,取出小白鼠。立即观察心电活动的变化;对照组除不灌注烟雾外其他操作均与熏烟组相同。结果香烟烟雾熏蒸组有两只小白鼠死亡,其余表现为心率加快（P〈0．05）。心电图P波时间延长,P波电压升高,QRS间期缩短（P〈0．05）,R波电压降低（P〈0．05）,而对照组的前后心率及心电活动几乎没有变化（P〉0．05）。结论急性香烟烟雾熏蒸后,小白鼠心率显著加快,R波电压降低,其他心电活动也受到不同程度的影响。