Preformulation Studies Involving Moisture Uptake in Solid Dosage Forms

The rates of moisture sorption and the resultant effect on stability of a moisture-sensitive drug blended or formulated with different components are addressed. Total moisture increase was determined by weight gain, and change in mobile water level by water activity measurements. Equilibrium relative humidity is a useful tool in predicting the stability of a moisture-sensitive drug in solid dosage forms. Since immobile water is perceived not to react chemically, the amount of mobile water rather than total water is the critical parameter in degradation reactions involving hydrolysis. Materials that have a high capacity for binding water equilibrate more slowly to higher levels of mobile water and consequently show greater chemical compatibility with a moisture-sensitive drug than materials with lower binding capacities for water.     

In-vitro tomography and non-destructive imaging at depth of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms

Tomographic imaging techniques offer new prospects for a better understanding of the quality, performance and release mechanisms of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. It is only over the last fifteen years that tomography has been applied for the in-vitro characterisation of dosage forms. This review aims to introduce the concept of tomography in a pharmaceutical context, and describes the current state-of-the-art of the four most promising techniques: X-ray computed microtomography, magnetic resonance imaging, terahertz imaging and optical coherence tomography. The basic working principles of the techniques are introduced and the current pharmaceutical applications of the technologies are discussed, together with a comparison of their specific strengths and weaknesses. Possible future developments in these fields are also discussed.     

奥沙利铂对人肝癌细胞的放射增敏作用

目的：研究奥沙利铂（Ｌ-ＯＨＰ）对人肝癌ＳＭＭＣ-７７２１细胞的放射增敏作用。方法：实验分为单纯用药组及放疗＋药物组，采用ＭＴＴ法观察Ｌ-ＯＨＰ不同药物浓度与不同外放射剂量２４、４８、７２ｈ对人肝癌细胞ＳＭＭＣ-７７２１的抑制作用。计算细胞抑制率和增敏比，应用统计软件ＳＰＳＳ１１.５处理数据，运用方差分析和多元相关方法分析各因素对人肝癌细胞ＳＭＭＣ-７７２１的抑制作用以及各因素之间的交互作用。结果：生长抑制率与放疗剂量、Ｌ-ＯＨＰ浓度呈正相关，而时间因素与生长抑制率无相关性（Ｐ＞０.０５）。结论：在采用Ｌ-ＯＨＰ对肝癌进行放射增敏时，时间因素可忽略不计。当Ｌ ＯＨＰ浓度大于０.６２５ｍｇ／Ｌ，将可获得放疗增敏的效果。     

门静脉支架置入联合动脉化疗栓塞和序贯门静脉放疗治疗肝癌合并门静脉主干癌栓

目的 回顾性分析肝细胞肝癌伴门静脉主干癌栓(MPWIT)患者经门静脉支架置入及经导管化疗栓塞治疗后序贯门静脉适形放疗的效果.方法 45例肝癌合并MPVTY的患者行经皮门静脉支架置入,支架置入后即刻行经导管动脉内化疗栓塞.其中16例于2～3周后行门静脉适形放疗(A组),29例未行放射治疗(B组).采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析、log-rank检验评价两组间支架通畅率、累积生存率的差异;Fisher精确概率法对比分析两组间肿瘤及癌栓缓解率的差别.结果 本组支架放置过程中及置入后24 h内无患者死亡,无大出血及急性肝功能衰竭等严重并发症.支架置入后2周内所有支架通畅,术后60、180、360 d支架累积通畅率:A组分别为100.0%.62.2%、34.6%,B组分别为58.6%、21.7%、10.8%;累积生存率:A组分别为93.8%、81.3%、32.5%,B组分别为86.2%、13.8%、6.9%,两组相比差异均有统计学意义(X2值分别为9.672、14.596,P值均<0.01).支架平均通畅时间A组为(475±137)d,B组为(200±61)d,两组相比差异有统计学意义(X2=9.672,P<0.01).结论 经导管化疗栓塞联合门静脉支架置人后序贯门静脉适形放疗可提高肝细胞肝癌伴MPVTT患者支架通畅率和生存期.     

螺旋断层放射治疗腹部肿瘤治疗误差分析

目的探讨螺旋断层放射治疗腹部肿瘤的物理学选择参数和MVCT影像引导下的治疗误差。方法采用螺旋断层治疗20例上腹部肿瘤患者，照射野宽度（field width，FW）为2．5cm，螺距比（pitch）选择0．3，调制因子（modulation factor，MF）为2．5；每次治疗前实行靶区MVCT扫描并与治疗计划靶区进行自动配准后再实现剂量靶区的手动调节，获得治疗误差及分布规律。结果治疗误差最小值和最大值在x、y和z轴分别为：（1．205±0．207）mm和（6．496±2．165）mm；（2．600±0．671）mm和（9．0075±1．5017）mm；（0．880±0．188）mm和（5．151±1．821）mm。结论影像引导确实提高了肿瘤治疗精度和准确性，同时为正确设定上腹部肿瘤计划靶区提供了依据。     

Chemotherapy for high-grade gliomas of childhood

Astrocytomas are the most common group of childhood brain tumors. Approximately 20% of these lesions are histologically malignant tumors that often prove fatal within 2 years of diagnosis, despite the use of surgery and conventional radiotherapy. During the last 15 years, considerable attention has been focused on evaluating the potential role of chemotherapy as a means of improving survival. Although several agents have been observed to have modest therapeutic activity against these tumors, the optimal strategies for improving disease control have yet to be defined. This article will review the results that have been achieved in previous studies using a variety of single and multi-agent chemotherapeutic regimens, and also the rationale for ongoing trials of the major cooperative groups, and will discuss the challenges that are inherent in designing and interpreting therapeutic studies for these tumors. Ways in which currently available approaches may be incorporated into future therapeutic strategies will also be discussed and a brief review of the extensive array of promising new treatment approaches will be presented. Received: 28 May 1999     

放射自显影术用于细胞水平微吸收剂量分布研究

目的：研究放射性药物在小鼠肝脏细胞的微吸收剂量分布，试图建立估算的数学模式。方法：采用冰冻切片光阄放射自显影技术，研究99Tc^m－甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）在小鼠肝脏细胞内细胞水平的分布。结果：99Tc^m－MIBI在肝脏细胞水平的分布是不均匀的，肝细胞核微吸收剂量数值与利用医学内照射剂量（MIBI）模式估算的结果差异较大。结论：该方法不仅可弥补MIRD模式的不足，而且可评估临床放射性药物治疗效果及剂量数据。     

219例喉癌放射治疗远期疗效分析

自1975年～1984年间我科治疗喉癌共219例,单纯放疗150例,术后放疗67例,术前放疗2例。5年随访率为88.6％,3、5、8年生存率分别为48.4％(106/219),38.4％(71/185),27.7％(26/94)。单纯、术后、术前放疗5年生存率分别为28.0％(35/125),58.6％(34/58),100％(2/2)。本文分析了影响单纯放射治疗疗效有关因素,病期愈早治疗效果愈好,本组Ⅰ—Ⅳ期5年生存率分别为60.0％、48.4％、19.1％、6.3％,声带活动较声带固定疗效好(P<0.05),颈部有淋巴结转移较无淋巴结转移预后差(P<0.01),放疗剂量大于1800ret疗效好(P<0.01)喉癌最适宜剂量为1800～2000ret,放疗后局部复发以手术治疗为佳。     

原发鼻腔非霍奇金淋巴瘤的治疗

关于原发鼻腔非霍奇金淋巴瘤的最佳治疗方案存在较大争议,不同治疗方式的效果差别很大.近年来的研究表明,放疗正逐渐成为治疗早期鼻腔自然杀伤(NK)-T细胞淋巴瘤的主要方式;但对于晚期患者,放化疔的效果均很差,应考虑新的有效的全身治疗方案.     

白藜芦醇对荷瘤大鼠放疗后免疫功能的保护作用

目的探讨白藜芦醇对荷瘤大鼠放疗后免疫功能的保护作用。方法将30只荷瘤大鼠随机分成3组：A组为对照组，给予生理盐水灌胃；B组给予γ射线局部照射及生理盐水灌胃；C组给予γ射线局部照射及白藜芦醇灌胃；末次照射3d后观察血常规、胸腺指数、脾脏指数、瘤重及抑瘤牢、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量、T淋巴细胞亚群百分比。结果与A组相比，B组的血细胞数、胸腺指数和脾脏指数、T淋巴细胞亚群百分比、SOD活性降低（P〈0．05），MDA含量升高（P〈0．05）；与B组相比，C组的血细胞数、胸腺指数和脾脏指数、T淋巴细胞弧群百分比、SOD活性升高（P〈0．05），MDA含量降低（P〈0．05）。结论自藜芦醇对荷瘤大鼠放疗后免疫功能具有保护作用