76例乳腺癌术后放疗

 从1985年1月～1990年1月，我们对76例乳癌术后患者进行了放疗。Ⅱ期54例、Ⅲ期18例、Ⅳ期4例。放疗采用60钴γ线或6mv一x线、10～12mev电子线。照射胸壁、内乳、锁骨上、腋下等区域。放疗剂量45～50Gy/4.5～5周，5年生存率Ⅱ期80.6％（25/31）、Ⅲ期33.3％（3/9）、Ⅳ期25％（1/4）。我们认为放疗对Ⅱ期以上的患者可降低复发率、提高生存率     

Enhancement of Radiation Response by Paclitaxel in Mice According to Different Treatment Schedules

Purpose: The aim of our study was to determine if paclitaxel could be used as a radiosensitizer in vivo.

Materials and methods: Paclitaxel was tested as a single agent and combined with an X-ray treatment. Paclitaxel was administered i.p. in doses from 30 to 120 mg/kg b.w. to (C3D2F1) mice bearing spontaneous mammary carcinoma. Tumor growth delay (TGD) or tumor control dose (TCD₅₀, radiation dose needed to induce local tumor control in 50% of irradiated animals) and moist desquamation dose (MDD₅₀, radiation dose needed to induce serious moist desquamation in 50% of the non-tumor-bearing feet) were the endpoints. DNA flow cytometric analysis was performed.

Results: DNA analysis demonstrated a G2/M block of tumor cells and a depletion of cells in S phase, with a maximum at 24 h from paclitaxel administration. Administering paclitaxel, in graded doses, 15 min before a 10-Gy X-ray treatment resulted in a linear regression line, almost parallel to that with paclitaxel alone, with a growth delay of about 6 days. In contrast, varying the X-ray dose with a constant paclitaxel injection (45 mg/kg b.w.) treatment showed some degree of synergism as the linear regression curves diverged. Interval time and sequence between paclitaxel administration and a 10 Gy X-ray treatment did not influence TGD. Protocols with paclitaxel at 30, 45, or 60 mg/kg were combined with radiation treatments at various doses (from 10 to 65 Gy). Values of TCD50 varied from 50.8 Gy for X-ray alone to 31.8 Gy for paclitaxel 60 mg/kg + X-ray. No differences were observed among MDD of different protocols.

Conclusions: These results suggest that, under some conditions, paclitaxel combined with radiation can show superadditive effects and this result combined with the lack of severe normal tissue damage indicate that a favorable therapeutic gain can be obtained.     

Daily CT localization for correcting portal errors in the treatment of prostate cancer

Introduction: Improved prostate localization techniques should allow the reduction of margins around the target to facilitate dose escalation in high-risk patients while minimizing the risk of normal tissue morbidity. A daily CT simulation technique is presented to assess setup variations in portal placement and organ motion for the treatment of localized prostate cancer.

Methods and Materials: Six patients who consented to this study underwent supine position CT simulation with an alpha cradle cast, intravenous contrast, and urethrogram. Patients received 46 Gy to the initial Planning Treatment Volume (PTV₁) in a four-field conformal technique that included the prostate, seminal vesicles, and lymph nodes as the Gross Tumor Volume (GTV₁). The prostate or prostate and seminal vesicles (GTV₂) then received 56 Gy to PTV₂. All doses were delivered in 2-Gy fractions.

After 5 weeks of treatment (50 Gy), a second CT simulation was performed. The alpha cradle was secured to a specially designed rigid sliding board. The prostate was contoured and a new isocenter was generated with appropriate surface markers. Prostate-only treatment portals for the final conedown (GTV₃) were created with a 0.25-cm margin from the GTV to PTV. On each subsequent treatment day, the patient was placed in his cast on the sliding board for a repeat CT simulation. The daily isocenter was recalculated in the anterior/posterior (A/P) and lateral dimension and compared to the 50-Gy CT simulation isocenter. Couch and surface marker shifts were calculated to produce portal alignment. To maintain proper positioning, the patients were transferred to a stretcher while on the sliding board in the cast and transported to the treatment room where they were then transferred to the treatment couch. The patients were then treated to the corrected isocenter. Portal films and electronic portal images were obtained for each field.

Results: Utilizing CT–CT image registration (fusion) of the daily and 50-Gy baseline CT scans, the isocenter changes were quantified to reflect the contribution of positional (surface marker shifts) error and absolute prostate motion relative to the bony pelvis. The maximum daily A/P shift was 7.3 mm. Motion was less than 5 mm in the remaining patients and the overall mean magnitude change was 2.9 mm. The overall variability was quantified by a pooled standard deviation of 1.7 mm. The maximum lateral shifts were less than 3 mm for all patients. With careful attention to patient positioning, maximal portal placement error was reduced to 3 mm.

Conclusion: In our experience, prostate motion after 50 Gy was significantly less than previously reported. This may reflect early physiologic changes due to radiation, which restrict prostate motion. This observation is being tested in a separate study. Intrapatient and overall population variance was minimal. With daily isocenter correction of setup and organ motion errors by CT imaging, PTV margins can be significantly reduced or eliminated. We believe this will facilitate further dose escalation in high-risk patients with minimal risk of increased morbidity. This technique may also be beneficial in low-risk patients by sparing more normal surrounding tissue.     

Radiation therapy in the management of desmoid tumors

Purpose: To evaluate the outcome of patients with extra-mesenteric desmoid tumors treated with radiation therapy, with or without surgery.

Methods and Materials: The outcome for 75 patients receiving radiation for desmoid tumor with or without complete gross resection between 1965 and 1994 was retrospectively reviewed utilizing univariate and multivariate statistical methods.

Results: With a median follow-up of 7.5 years, the overall freedom from relapse was 78% and 75% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Of the total, 23 patients received radiation for gross disease because it was not resectable. Of these 23 patients, 7 sustained local recurrence, yielding a 31% actuarial relapse rate at 5 years. Radiation dose was the only significant determinant of disease control in this group. A dose of 50 Gy was associated with a 60% relapse rate, whereas higher doses yielded a 23% relapse rate (p < 0.05). The other 52 patients received radiation in conjunction with gross total resection of tumor. The 5- and 10-year relapse rates were 18% and 23%, respectively. No factor correlated significantly with disease outcome. There was no evidence that radiation doses exceeding 50 Gy improved outcome. Positive resection margins were not significantly deleterious in this group of irradiated patients. For all 75 patients, there was no evidence that radiation margins exceeding 5 cm beyond the tumor or surgical field improved local-regional control. Ultimately, 72 of the 75 patients were rendered disease-free, but 3 required extensive surgery (amputation, hemipelvectomy) to achieve this status. Significant radiation complications were seen in 13 patients. Radiation dose correlated with the incidence of complications. Doses of 56 Gy or less produced a 5% 15-year complication rate, compared to a 30% incidence with higher doses (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Radiation is an effective modality for desmoid tumors, either alone or as an adjuvant to resection. For patients with negative resection margins, postoperative radiation is not recommended. Patients with positive margins should almost always receive 50 Gy of postoperative radiation. Unresectable tumors should be irradiated to a dose of approximately 56 Gy, with a 75% expectation of local control.     

Improved freedom from PSA failure with whole pelvic irradiation for high-risk prostate cancer

Purpose: To determine the impact of whole pelvic irradiation on the risk of PSA failure in prostate cancer patients, at high predicted risk for lymph node involvement, receiving definitive radiotherapy.

Materials and Methods: Between October 1987 and December 1995, 506 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were treated with definitive radiotherapy at UCSF and affiliated institutions. Treatment consisted of 4-field whole pelvic irradiation followed by a prostate-only boost, or prostate-only treatment (median follow-up was 35 months and 30 months, respectively). PSA failure was defined as: 1. a PSA value ≥ 1 ng/ml; or 2. a PSA value that rose ≥ 0.5 ng/ml in ≤ 1 year posttreatment on two consecutive measurements, with the first rise defined as the time of failure. The calculated risk of lymph node positivity (%rLN+) was defined as (iPSA) + 10(GS-6), and high risk was defined as %rLN+ ≥ 15%. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results: A total of 201 high-risk patients were identified. High-risk patients who received whole pelvic irradiation had significantly improved freedom from PSA failure compared to those who received prostate-only treatment (median PFS = 34.3 months vs. 21.0 months; p = 0.0001). Potential confounding variables, including initial PSA, Gleason score, T stage, radiation dose, year of treatment, use of three-dimensional (3D) conformal techniques, and use of hormone therapy, did not account for the observed difference in time to PSA failure. Multivariate analysis revealed type of radiation treatment to be the most significant independent predictor of outcome.

Conclusion: Whole pelvic radiotherapy significantly improves the PSA failure-free survival in patients with a high calculated risk of lymph node positivity.     

鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病31例临床分析

目的：探讨影响鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病发生的有关因素。材料与方法：1987年至1996年共收治鼻咽癌1563例，发生放射性脑病31例。结果：放射性脑病的发生与性别，年龄无关，再程放疗与，程放疗比较分别为6．3％及1．3％（P＜0．01）；颅底骨质有、无破坏者发生率为4．6％及0．6％（P＜0．01）；T3、T4期患者与T1、T2期比较，分别为1．9％及0．6％（P＜0．05）；鼻咽部剂量≤65Gy者为0．6％，＞65Gy为2．4％（P＜0．05）；耳前野上界＞1．5cm者为2．2％，位于1．5cm者为0．7％（P＜0．05）。结论：放射性脑病的发生不仅有血管一神经性因素，脑组织的某些生化及免疫方面的改变，也是一个重要的因素。     

252Cf中子后装治疗宫颈癌直肠钡灌肠与插铅丝监测直肠前壁受量的差异

目的观察宫颈癌锎(252Cf)中子后装治疗过程中直肠钡灌肠与插铅丝两种方法监测直肠前壁受量时的差异,分析直肠前壁受量的高低与急性期放射性直肠炎发生率的关系.方法30例宫颈癌用直肠插铅丝和钡灌肠的办法监测直肠前壁受量(各15例),分别拍摄等中心正交片.A点剂量均给予10Gy,分别计算直肠前壁和膀胱后壁最大受量以及按ICRU38号报告设定的直肠剂量参考点(R)的剂量,量取直肠前壁和膀胱后壁最大剂量点与官腔管中心的距离.统计所有病例及其中直肠前壁受量＞4Gy病例的急性放射性直肠炎的发生率.结果钡灌肠组直肠前壁最大剂量点与宫腔管中心的平均距离明显低于插铅丝组,钡灌肠组直肠前壁最大剂量点受量则明显高于插铅丝组,ICRU直肠剂量参考点(R)的剂量明显高于钡灌肠组,但其剂量的高低与钡灌肠时直肠前壁最大剂量点受量的高低无明显关系.而膀胱后壁最大剂量点与宫腔管中心的平均距离及膀胱后壁最大剂量点受量,两组均无明显差别.直肠前壁受量＞4 Gy病例的急性放射性直肠炎的发生率明显高于其他病例.结论宫颈癌中子后装治疗时直肠钡灌肠比插铅丝更能准确显示宫颈、阴道与直肠前壁的解剖关系,更能准确反映直肠前壁的真正受量.根据钡灌肠时直肠前壁最大剂量点受量的高低可大致预测宫颈癌放疗期间急性放射性直肠炎的发生率,且直肠钡灌肠对乙状结肠变异可起诊断作用.     

Virtual computed tomography colonoscopy: artifacts, image quality and radiation dose load in a cadaver study

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the interdependency of spatial resolution, image reconstruction artifacts, and radiation doses in virtual CT colonoscopy by comparing various CT scanning protocols. A pig's colon with several artificial polypoid lesions was imaged after air insufflation with helical CT scanning using 1-, 3-, and 5-mm collimation, and pitch values varying from 1.0 to 3.0. Virtual endoscopic images and “fly through” sequences were calculated on a Sun Sparc 20 workstation (Navigator Software, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wis.). Several reconstruction artifacts as well as overall image quality were evaluated by three independent reviewers. In addition, radiation doses for the different CT protocols were measured as multiple-scan average dose using a 10-cm ion chamber and a standard Plexiglass body phantom. Generally, image quality and reconstruction artifacts were less affected by pitch values than by beam collimation. Thus, narrow beam collimation at higher pitch values (e. g. 3 mm/2.0) seems to be a reasonable compromise between quality of virtual endoscopic images and radiation dose load. Received: 4 February 1999; Revised: 16 June 1999; Accepted: 17 June 1999     

鼻咽癌放射损伤的中药防治观察

目的观察中药养阴活血方防治鼻咽癌放疗致口咽放射损伤的疗效。方法将156例鼻咽癌住院患者随机分为A组(78例)、B组(78例),两组均接受相同条件的放射治疗,但A组放射治疗同时配合用自拟中药养阴活血方1号合剂治疗,B组是常规放射治疗。观察放疗后口咽黏膜放射反应的情况。结果放疗后两组的口咽黏膜急性放射反应总的发生率基本相似,但A组的程度比B组轻,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级比较差异有显著意义(P<0.05);口咽黏膜放射反应的初发时间,两组比较差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论中药养阴活血合剂对放射性黏膜损伤有明显的防治作用。     

多层螺旋CT盆腔扫描重建图像质量与X射线剂量的关系

目的分析扫描参数的设置与图像质量和吸收剂量之间的关系,选择适合于二维和三维重建较高图像质量和较低吸收剂量的扫描方式。方法使用GE L ightspeed U ltra 16层螺旋CT机,对人体盆腔模型进行扫描。扫描条件:120 kV,管电流分别为250 mA或200 mA,螺距分别为1.375或0.985,层厚分别为5 mm或7.5 mm。评价二维和三维图像质量,在辐射剂量观测栏,观测剂量长度乘积(DLP)的变化。选择其中图像质量较好和DLP相对较低的4种扫描方式对患者进行扫描。结果DLP随管电流的增加、螺距的减小而增大,而二维和三维图像质量也随mA的增加、螺距的减小而提高。二维图像选择250 mA、1.375螺距、7.5 mm层厚,图像噪声低,影像细节能清晰显示,且DLP相对较低;三维图像选择200 mA、0.938螺距、7.5 mm层厚,能够满足诊断需要。结论遵循医疗照射的正当性和防护最优化原则,科学地设置管电流、层厚、螺距等扫描参数,一方面能够保证二维和三维图像质量,另一方面又能减少DLP值,减少X射线辐射对盆腔生殖器官的损伤。