变应性鼻炎诊疗现状调查

目的 变应性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)是鼻科常见病之一,但患者的就诊率不高,部分患者对疗效不满意,表明临床诊疗过程中存在亟待改进的问题.本研究针对中国部分大中城市的耳鼻咽喉头颈外科医师进行AR诊疗现状调查,通过剖析存在的问题,为提高临床诊疗水平提供参考.方法 采用问卷调查方式在全国13个省或自治区(63个市)和4个直辖市,针对508名耳鼻咽喉头颈外科医师,调查AR患者门诊状况、诊断状况和治疗状况.结果 AR患者占全部耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊患者的比例平均为19%±14%,占全部鼻腔鼻窦疾病门诊患者的35%±17%.既往使用过鼻用糖皮质激素或H1受体拮抗剂等抗过敏药物的患者为42%±26%.可进行皮肤点刺试验和血清特异性IgE检查的医师比例分别为74%和20%.仅依据患者症状和体征诊断,不进行皮肤点刺试验和血清特异性IgE检查等临床检测的比例为6l%±29%,而综合病史和皮肤点刺试验或血清学检测的诊断比例为35%±28%.从医师治疗成人AR患者的药物处方比例来看,鼻用糖皮质激素平均为70%4-27%,口服和鼻用H1受体拮抗剂分别为49%±32%和36%±28%.过敏原特异性皮下免疫治疗占23%4±26%,口服白三烯受体拮抗剂和鼻用色甘酸钠分别为18%±22%和16%±22%.重视复诊随访患者所占比例平均为24%±17%,对复诊和随访重视程度一般的患者所占比例为35%4±19%,而几乎不复诊随访的患者所占比例为39%±24%.结论 AR已成为我国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊患者求诊的主要疾病,但无论是患者对疾病的整体认识,还是专科医师的整体诊治水平,均需要在现有基础上尽快提高.     

子宫切除术后患者生活质量的变化

目的:了解子宫切除术对患者生活质量的影响。方法:使用诺丁汉健康调查表,调查84例子宫切除术、保留双侧卵巢的子宫良性疾病患者的术前、术后6个月的生活质量。结果:子宫切除术后6个月,精力、情感、睡眠和社会活动较术前差,疼痛较术前减轻,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);躯体活动的差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:子宫切除术后患者的疼痛缓解,但生活质量下降。     

济宁地区21-三体综合征患儿致家庭负担情况调查

目的 调查济宁地区21-三体综合征患儿致家庭经济负担及精神负担情况。方法 2013年1-8月对济宁市78例21-三体综合征患儿的170名陪护人（试验组）及同期济宁市年龄与患儿相仿的、近期无任何重大疾病的100例健康儿童的190名陪护人（对照组）进行问卷调查。采用生活满意度评定量表（LSR）及生活满意度指数A（LSIA）评定两组陪护人生活满意度,采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）评定两组家庭负担情况。结果 试验组农村地区和城镇地区患儿治疗支出占家庭收入的68.56%、55.91%。试验组陪护人LSR、LSIA评分均低于对照组（P＜0.05）|试验组农村地区陪护人LSIA评分低于城镇地区,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）|试验组陪护人SCL-90中躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑及精神病性5个因子评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）|试验组农村地区陪护人SCL-90中仅人际关系因子评分高于城镇地区,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 21-三体综合征患儿不仅会给家庭带来经济负担,更影响陪护人的生活质量及精神健康状况,应该引起足够的重视。     

急性白血病患者生命质量及其影响因素分析

目的探讨急性白血病患者生命质量及其影响因素。方法采用癌症患者生命质量测定量表（functional assessment of cancer therapy generic scale,FACT-G）中文版、自编的一般状况调查问卷对128例急性白血病患者进行调查,采用方差分析和多元回归等方法进行统计分析。结果急性白血病患者生命质量量表总分为（64.70±14.464）分,各维度评分分别为：生理状况因子（15.22±6.128）,社会/家庭状况因子（21.56±5.761）,情感状况因子（15.08±5.638）,功能状况因子（12.84±5.713）。多元线性回归分析显示,影响急性白血病患者生命质量生理状况的可能因素有年龄与是否初诊,影响社会/家庭状况的可能因素有医疗保险形式、婚姻状况;影响情感状况的可能因素有年龄、是否初诊、经济状况;影响功能状况的可能因素有婚姻状况;影响量表总分的可能因素有婚姻状况与医疗保险形式。结论急性白血病患者的生存质量较差,生命质量应成为评价急性白血病治疗疗效的指标之一。     

2010年深圳市丙型病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的 了解深圳市居民丙型肝炎病毒抗体的流行状况,为丙型病毒性肝炎防控工作提供科学依据.方法 采取多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,于2010年在深圳市抽取2个行政区,调查1 ～59岁各年龄组自然人群共3 771人.并采集静脉血,用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测血清抗丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV);同时,对2005-2010年深圳市丙型病毒性肝炎病例报告情况进行了分析.结果 深圳市居民HCV总感染率为0.53％;40岁及以上年龄组抗-HCV阳性率为1.00％,40岁以下年龄组抗-HCV阳性率为0.38％,两组间抗-HCV阳性率差异有统计学意义(x2=4.92,P=0.027);不同职业人群中以农民的抗-HCV阳性率(1.89％)最高;不同文化人群中文盲人群的丙型病毒性肝炎感染率(1.92％)最高,不同文化程度人群抗-HCV阳性率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);深圳市丙型病毒性肝炎发病率逐年上升,新发病例数在2010年首次超过乙型病毒性肝炎,居病毒性肝炎首位.结论 丙型病毒性肝炎感染已成为深圳市日益严重的公共卫生问题.加强健康教育是目前预防丙型病毒性肝炎的主要措施.     

济南城区居民的死因分析

1984年济南城区居民死亡率为565/10万,死因顺位为恶性肿瘤、循环系疾病、脑血管病、呼吸系疾病。恶性肿瘤死因顺位为肺癌、肝癌、食管癌,与十年前相比,肺癌、肝癌增加,胃癌、宫颈癌下降。PYLL的顺位为恶性肿瘤、意外死亡、循环系疾病;PMI为86.6%,威胁居民生命的主要疾病是老年病。1980～1984年济南城区居民十类死因死亡率动态表明,恶性肿瘤和循环系疾病交替在第一、二位之间,病伤死亡谱介于北方型和南方型之间,称中间型或移行型。     

A Korean Survey on Qualities and Definition of a Good Psychiatrist

The definition of a "good" psychiatrist has varied over the past decades due to changing roles of psychiatrists. Studies on the qualities of "good" psychiatrists have been completed in many countries. However, no such study has been undertaken in Korea. In Korea, recent growing interest in psychiatry demands the identification of qualities for a good psychiatrist. The purpose of this study was to define the qualities of a good psychiatrist in Korea, subsequently facilitating the improvement of psychiatric training programs. The questionnaire was based on a Singaporean survey with the permission from the original authors. Respondents were divided into patient group and psychiatrist group. The 40-item questionnaire contained items grouped into four themes: Professional, Personal Values, Academic Executive and Relationship. Of the four themes, both patient and psychiatrist groups considered Professional as the most important, whereas Academic Executive as the least important. The mean scores for all items of each theme in the patient group were higher than those in the psychiatrist group, reflecting higher expectations for good psychiatrist in the patient group. Patients emphasized Relationship more than psychiatrists did. It is concluded that a good psychiatrist in Korea can be defined as "a good communicator and listener with a professional manner, who respects confidentiality and has good doctor-patient relationships."

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Ethical Issues Recognized by Critical Care Nurses in the Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary Hospital during Two Separate Periods

This research aimed to investigate the changes in ethical issues in everyday clinical practice recognized by critical care nurses during two observation periods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data obtained by prospective questionnaire surveys of nurses in the intensive care units (ICU) of a tertiary university-affiliated hospital in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected prospectively during two different periods, February 2002-January 2003 (Period 1) and August 2011-July 2012 (Period 2). Significantly fewer cases with ethical issues were reported in Period 2 than in Period 1 (89 cases [2.1%] of 4,291 ICU admissions vs. 51 [0.5%] of 9,302 ICU admissions, respectively; P < 0.001). The highest incidence of cases with identified ethical issues in both Periods occurred in MICU. The major source of ethical issues in Periods 1 and 2 was behavior-related. Among behaviorrelated issues, inappropriate healthcare professional behavior was predominant in both periods and mainly involved resident physicians. Ethical issue numbers regarding end-oflife (EOL) care significantly decreased in the proportion with respect to ethical issues during Period 2 (P = 0.044). In conclusion, the decreased incidence of cases with identified ethical issues in Period 2 might be associated with ethical enhancement related with EOL and improvements in the ICU care environment of the studied hospital. However, behaviorrelated issues involving resident physicians represent a considerable proportion of ethical issues encountered by critical care nurses. A systemic approach to solve behavior-related issues of resident physicians seems to be required to enhance an ethical environment in the studied ICU.

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