Cocirculation of genotypes D4 and D6 in Greece during the 2005 to 2006 measles epidemic

One of World Health Organization's proposed methods for the establishment of measles surveillance worldwide, to achieve the elimination of measles virus by 2010, is the genetic characterization of measles wild-type virus strains. In this study, 34 measles virus strains, isolated from clinical samples during the 2005 to 2006 measles outbreak in Greece, were genotyped and studied in terms of nucleotide variation and phylogeny. Interestingly, the cocirculation of 2 different genotypes, namely, D6 and D4, was revealed. In fact, the D4 genotype has never been previously reported in Greece. Finally, although the D4 Greek strains possessed identical nucleotide sequences, the D6 isolates segregated into 3 distinct subgroups, 2 of which differed genetically and phenotypically from all GenBank deposited measles sequences. It is, thus, important to continue the epidemiologic surveillance of measles in Greece to aid future studies of measles transmission, monitor the effectiveness of measles immunization, and eventually document the elimination of the virus in our country.     

2008年哈尔滨市道里区麻疹流行现状及分析

目的分析麻疹发病率升高原因,采取有效措施控制麻疹发病。方法对道里区2008年29例麻疹进行流行病学分析。结果麻疹高发的主要原因是易感人群累积、流动人口、<8个月龄发病、院内感染等。在麻疹防控工作中存在的问题主要有各部门沟通不及时、专业技术人员水平差、流动人口及传染源不好管理等。结论提出了以严把"三关",做到"三个确保"为主的工作建议。     

In situ tumor vaccination with adenovirus vectors encoding measles virus fusogenic membrane proteins and cytokines

AIM: To evaluate whether intratumoral expression of measles virus fusogenic membrane glycoproteins H and F (MV-FMG), encoded by an adenovirus vector Ad.MV-H/ F, alone or in combination with local coexpression of cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, IL-21 or GM-CSF), can serve as a platform for inducing tumor-specifi c immune responses in colon cancer. METHODS: We used confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry to analyze cell-cell fusion after expression of MV-FMG by dye colocalization. In a syngeneic bilateral subcutaneous MC38 and Colon26 colon cancer model in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, we assessed the effect on both the directly vector-treated tumor as well as the contralateral, not directly vector- treated tumor. We assessed the induction of a tumor- specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response with a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. RESULTS: We demonstrated in vitro that transduction of MC38 and Colon26 cells with Ad.MV-H/F resulted in dye colocalization, indicative of cell-cell fusion. In addition, in the syngeneic bilateral tumor model we demonstrated a signifi cant regression of the directly vector-inoculated tumor upon intratumoral expression of MV-FMG alone or in combination with the tested cytokines. We observed the highest anti-neoplastic efficacy with MV-FMG and IL-21 coexpression. The degree of tumor regression of the not directly vector-treated tumor correlated with the anti-neoplastic response of the directly vector-treated tumor. This regression was mediated by a tumor-specifi c CTL response. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that intratumoral expression of measles virus fusogenic membraneglycoproteins is a promising tool both for direct tumor treatment as well as for tumor vaccination approaches that can be further enhanced by cytokine coexpression.     

经病原学确诊的207例儿童麻疹临床特征分析

目的对经实验室确诊的麻疹病例进行分析,探讨麻疹疫苗接种对儿童麻疹临床发病特点的影响,以及婴儿麻疹和儿童麻疹发病特点的差异,以帮助麻疹的早期诊断。方法采集2002至2010年在首都儿科研究所隔离门诊和住院期间经RT-PCR或ELISA法确诊的麻疹患儿临床资料。采用ELISA方法检测麻疹病毒血清特异性IgM抗体,咽拭子和尿液标本采用RT-PCR方法检测麻疹病毒N基因片段。根据是否接种麻疹疫苗分为接种麻疹疫苗组和未接种麻疹疫苗组。结果①207例经病原学确诊的麻疹患儿进入分析,其中男123例,女84例。年龄0～15岁,其中〈8月龄（未达到初免年龄）69例（33.3%）,～1岁45例（21.7%）。未接种麻疹疫苗组154例（≤1岁亚组97例,〉1岁亚组57例）,接种麻疹疫苗组53例。②接种麻疹疫苗组本市户籍所占比例显著高于未接种麻疹疫苗组。两组的发病高峰均在4月份。有明确麻疹患者接触史患儿在未接种麻疹疫苗组为15.4%（24/154例）,接种麻疹疫苗组为16.9%（9/53例）,两组差异无统计学意义。③接种麻疹疫苗组麻疹黏膜斑和咳嗽发生率显著低于未接种麻疹疫苗组,余伴随症状两组差异无统计学意义。④未接种麻疹疫苗组〉1岁亚组眼部症状发生率高于≤1岁亚组,余临床表现两亚组差异无统计学意义。结论麻疹发病年龄趋低龄化,同时临床表现更加不典型;麻疹患儿以未达到麻疹疫苗接种年龄的婴儿或漏种麻疹疫苗的流动人口为主,提示加强适龄儿童麻疹疫苗接种和对流动人口易感儿童查漏补种,对降低麻疹发病率有重要意义。     

Comparison of inhibitory efficacy of short interfering RNAs targeting different genes on Measles virus replication

RNA interference (RNAi)-based short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the viral genes and the host cellular genes have been used to suppress Measles virus (MV) replication in vitro. In order to select suitable target genes and highly effective target sites for developing effective RNAi-mediated anti-MV therapy, in this study, nine short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vectors, which expressed siRNAs targeting the host celluar Rab9 GTPase gene, the viral large protein (L) gene and nucleoprotein (N) gene, respectively, were constructed and used to compare their ability to inhibit MV replication in Vero-E6 cells. The results showed that nine siRNAs targeting different genes exhibited different inhibitory efficacy on MV replication in vitro (about 23-94%), which could last at least 168 h post-infection. Of the nine siRNAs, R2, L1 and N2 more effectively decreased MV replication by over 90%. Furthermore, inhibitory efficacy on MV replication were increased and reached almost 100% when cells were transfected with pR2, pL1 and pN2 together. These results emphasis the importance of selecting suitable siRNA target sites for developing siRNAs-based drug therapy for MV, and demonstrate the potential of combination of siRNAs targeting different genes as a therapeutic approach to treat MV infection.     

天津市蓟县2005-2010年麻疹流行病学特征分析

目的了解天津市蓟县2005-2010年麻疹流行病学特征,为预防控制麻疹提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对天津市蓟县2005-2010年麻疹发病情况进行分析。结果 2005-2010年共报告麻疹729例,年平均发病率为14.80/10万,呈下降趋势。发病例数最多的是渔阳镇,占28.12%;3～5月份为麻疹高发季节,占76.95%;发病以散居儿童、农民和学生为主;男女性别比例为1.28∶1;发病年龄呈现典型的小年龄组模式和趋向大年龄组模式,≤1岁儿童麻疹病例构成增加,占33.06%,≧20岁成人发病也占较大比例,占35.94%。结论应进一步加强麻疹疫苗常规免疫,适时在重点地区和人群中开展麻疹疫苗强化免疫;加强对麻疹病例的监测工作,做好麻疹散发和暴发疫情的防控工作,降低麻疹发病率。     

泉州市鲤城区2004～2010年麻疹疫情分析及防制对策

目的:研究近年来鲤城区麻疹流行特征和流行因素,为制定和调整消除麻疹策略提供科学依据。方法:对2004～2010年鲤城区麻疹疫情监测资料进行流行病学描述和分析。结果:2004～2010年网络直报系统共报告确诊麻疹病例数116例,年均发病率为6.55/10万,其中2009～2010年确诊麻疹病例数2例,发病率较前5年比较急剧下降,从2007年的最高发病率18.44/10万,降至2009～2010年的0.39/10万;发病呈现2个高峰,第一个高峰在3～8月份,第二个高峰在12月份,病例主要集中在外来人口聚集的江南街道和浮桥街道,在0～1岁组和20～30岁组发病比例有明显上升趋势。免疫规划监测系统共报告确诊病例数123例,其中流动占52.03%,无免疫史或不详占91.87%,流动人口病例的免疫率明显低于本地人口。结论:麻疹监测系统较网络直报系统敏感,影响我区麻疹发生和流行的因素是易感者的积累、流动人口的聚集、常规免疫和入托入学查验证后的补种工作不够落实,经过2008年的查漏补种和2009～2010年两轮的强化,麻疹疫情迅速得到遏制,继续加强流动人口管理,开展有针对性的预防接种,消除免疫空白点,提高人群麻疹免疫水平,是实现2012年麻疹发病率控制在1/100万以下目标的关键。     

开平市2004-2010年麻疹流行病学特征分析

目的了解开平市2004-2010年麻疹流行病学特征,为制订消除麻疹策略提供依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对麻疹监测系统资料进行分析。结果开平市2004-2010年共报告麻疹病例221例,年平均发病率4.32/10万,流动人口占60.18%。发病以散居儿童和学生为主,<8月龄、8月龄～7岁、8～14岁、15～19岁、≥20岁分别占10.41%、52.04%、21.72%、4.07%、11.76%。结论提高麻疹接种率和适时在重点地区和人群中开展麻疹强化免疫,才能有效控制麻疹疫情的发生。     

海南省7岁以下儿童及1-3岁儿童母亲麻疹抗体调查

目的了解海南省7岁以下儿童及1-3岁儿童母亲麻疹抗体水平,为海南省制定消除麻疹策略提供科学依据。方法2010年采取容量比例概率抽样（PPS）和系统抽样方法抽样,调查1-3岁儿童和小学一年级新生麻疹疫苗免疫史,同时采集被调查对象静脉血,检测麻疹IgG抗体,分析不同年龄组儿童麻疹IgG抗体水平差异、免疫史和抗体水平的关系。结果海南省2010年7岁以下儿童麻疹IgG抗体阳性率达95.7%;接种1针的抗体阳性率为94.1%,接种2针及以上者为97.4%,两者差异具有统计学意义（χ2=8.477,P〈0.05）。各市县麻疹抗体阳性率均在92.5%以上;1-3岁和5-7岁两组儿童抗体阳性率分别为95.6%、96.1%,两组儿童差异无统计学意义（χ2=1.115,P〉0.05）;1-3岁儿童母亲抗体阳性率为98.1%。结论海南省7岁以下儿童麻疹IgG抗体维持在高水平,已经形成了牢固的保护屏障,有效控制麻疹病毒传播,为海南省2012年实现消除麻疹的目标奠定了极好的基础。     

婴儿麻疹23例分析

目的总结分析入住我科麻疹患儿的发病特点为制定消除麻疹策略提供依据。方法回顾性分析我科来自新疆南北疆的麻疹患儿年龄及发病特点,分析其发病原因及预防策略。结果我院我科自2011年3月～2011年8月共收治麻疹患儿52例,其中1岁内婴儿23例,占总数的44.2%,1岁内婴儿发病明显增多。结论 1岁内婴幼儿发病率与疫苗接种时间及母传抗体水平有关为婴幼儿及时接种疫苗是预防发病的重要策略。