成人麻疹的流行现状及控制策略

近年来成人麻疹的大量增加是控制麻疹过程中出现的新的流行病学特征,是导致麻疹发病增加的一个重要影响因素。在美国等国开始重视成人计划免疫,如对高危成人接种1剂或2剂麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合疫苗(MMR)等手段预防麻疹时,我国尚缺乏控制成人麻疹的手段,且未受到足够的重视。此文主要对我国成人麻疹的流行状况以及如何控制成人麻疹的策略作了探讨。     

Use of medicinal plants for the treatment of measles in Nigeria

Aim of the study

The present study was an ethnobotanical survey of three Local Government areas of the Ijebu area of Ogun State in southwest Nigeria for plants used in the treatment of measles.

Materials and methods

Unstructured interviews were conducted among both urban and rural dwellers of three major groups of Ijebu people inhabiting the area (Ijebu North, Ijebu northeast and Ijebu Ode Local Governments).

Results

A total of 20 respondents constituted by herbalists, herbsellers and old people that have privileged information on the plants used in the treatment of measles among children were encountered during the survey. Twenty-three plant species belonging to 18 Angiosperm families were said to possess curative properties for the cure of measles among the local populace. Amongst the most frequently used plants are Elytraria marginata Vahl, Peperomia pellucida (L.) Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Vernonia amygdalina Del., Momordica charantia L., Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. ex Bureau, and Ocimum gratissimum L.

Conclusion

The most frequently mentioned family is Cucurbitaceae. The mode of preparation and recommended dosages are enumerated in this paper. The results of the study call for an urgent need of the introduction of a strategy for the conservation of indigenous medicinal plants in the area.     

妊娠期麻疹感染对妊娠结局的影响及防治要点

目的:探讨妊娠期麻疹感染对妊娠结局的影响,明确该病的防治要点。方法:选取2014年5月至2016年2月我院收治的妊娠期麻疹感染妇女39例(感染组)及同期到我院接受检查的无麻疹感染孕妇39例(对照组),比较两组Apgar评分、血常规、妊娠结局及心功能、肝功能。结果:两组新生儿Apgar评分无显著差异(P0.05),感染组患者的白细胞异常率、中性粒细胞异常率及低钾血症发生率均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。感染组自然流产7例(17.95%),死胎2例(5.13%),宫内窘迫6例(15.38%),新生儿麻疹3例(7.69%);对照组自然流产2例(5.13%),死胎1例(2.56%),宫内窘迫2例(5.13%)。感染组患者的CK-MB(肌酸激酶同工酶)、CK(肌酸激酶)及ALT(谷丙转氨酶)均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:妊娠期麻疹感染易引起流产、死胎宫内窘迫等不良妊娠结局,产妇心、肝功能异常,临床上应对育龄期及备孕妇女接种麻疹疫苗。     

Human Brain Organoids as Models for Central Nervous System Viral Infection

Pathogenesis of viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) is poorly understood, and this is partly due to the limitations of currently used preclinical models. Brain organoid models can overcome some of these limitations, as they are generated from human derived stem cells, differentiated in three dimensions (3D), and can mimic human neurodevelopmental characteristics. Therefore, brain organoids have been increasingly used as brain models in research on various viruses, such as Zika virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus. Brain organoids allow for the study of viral tropism, the effect of infection on organoid function, size, and cytoarchitecture, as well as innate immune response; therefore, they provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infections and testing of antivirals in a physiological model. In this review, we summarize the results of studies on viral CNS infection in brain organoids, and we demonstrate the broad application and benefits of using a human 3D model in virology research. At the same time, we describe the limitations of the studies in brain organoids, such as the heterogeneity in organoid generation protocols and age at infection, which result in differences in results between studies, as well as the lack of microglia and a blood brain barrier.     

应用ARIMA模型预测成都市新都区麻疹的发病趋势

[目的]预测成都市新都区麻疹的发病趋势,为制定防治措施提供参考依据。[方法]以1985～2008年成都市新都区麻疹年发病率作为历史序列,建立自回归移动平均(Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average,ARIMA)模型。[结果]采用ARIMA(1,2,0)预测该地区麻疹的发病趋势,2009～2012年麻疹的发病率分别为2.66/10万、1.65/10万、0.88/10万、0.35/10万。[结论]至2012年该地区达到WHO和我国提出消除麻疹水平(1/100万以下)的要求尚存在一定差距,因此,当前应进一步加强本地区麻疹预防控制措施的力度。     

Determination of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in foodstuffs by HPLC UV-DAD and LC–MS/MS

In order to generate new data for vitamin D content for the Canadian Nutrient File, a method for the quantification of vitamin D₃ and 25(OH)D₃ in foodstuffs has been modified and improved. Vitamin D₃ was quantified using reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC) with UV-diode array detector (UV-DAD), while 25(OH)D₃ was measured by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (APCI MS/MS). Quantification was by internal standards (IS) using vitamin D₂ and 25(OH)D₂. A Certified Reference Material (CRM-421 containing vitamin D₃) and a control sample (internally generated reference material of ground pork containing both vitamin D₃ and 25(OH)D₃) were used as validation and quality control tools. Limit of detection for both compounds was 0.04 μg/100 g. Accuracy for vitamin D in the CRM-421 was 99% (0.142 mg/kg for a target of 0.143, n = 10). Recovery of vitamin D₃ in ground pork was 97% (88% absolute recovery). For 25(OH)D₃, a recovery of 94% (73% absolute recovery) was obtained. Using this method, data for vitamin D₃ and 25(OH)D₃ content in a variety of foods (pork, beef, eggs, poultry, fish, and dinners) have been generated.     

龙岩市2006-2007年麻疹爆发疫情流行特征分析

目的分析龙岩市麻疹爆发疫情流行特征，为加速控制麻疹提供策略。方法采用描述流行病学方法分析麻疹爆发疫情资料，用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELIsA）检测麻疹IgM抗体，用细胞培养方法分离麻疹病毒，用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法进行基I羽分型。结果龙岩市2006-2007年共发生8起麻疹爆发疫情，发病例数占报告病例总数的68．36％，7起发生在学校和托幼机构；病例主要集中在10-19岁组，占爆发病例总数的81．8％；病例中有免疫史的占14．6％，其余为无免疫史和免疫史不详；2起各分离到1株麻疹病毒，均为H1基因型。结论麻疹爆发是影响龙岩市近2年麻疹疫情的主要因素，保持高质量、高水平的免疫接种率是控制麻疹的主要措施。     

2005年鞍山市痳疹流行病学特征分析

目的分析2005年鞍山地区麻疹流行特征,为控制和消除麻疹提供科学依据。方法对麻疹发病资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果2005年鞍山地区麻疹发病率为8.23/10万,发病以小年龄儿童0～14岁为主,高峰集中在4～7月,有免疫史者仅占28.32%,流动人口患者占总患者数的13.99%,两起爆发中流动人口占54.17%。结论应提高麻疹疫苗接种率和及时接种率,重点是流动人口;加强麻疹的常规监测工作。     

自回归滑动平均混合模型在甘肃省麻疹发病预测中的应用

目的 探讨应用自回归滑动平均混合模型(Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model,ARIMA)预测甘肃省麻疹发病率的可行性.方法 应用SPSS 13.0软件对甘肃省1995～2006年麻疹逐月发病率进行ARIMA建模拟合;按照残差不相关原则、简洁原则、赤迟准则与贝叶斯准则建立ARIMA麻疹预测模型,用2007年分月发病数检验模型.结果 模型ARIMA(1,0,0)(0,1,1)1>(不含常数项)所有参数都通过统计学检验,残差序列是白噪声,拟合优度相对最好,参数间也无明显相关性(r=0.069).结论 ARIMA模型很好地模拟和预测了麻疹既往发病周期性以及各月发病数,将其应用于甘肃省麻疹发病预测是可行的.