Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of Dacryodes Edulis and Raphia Hookeri Mann and Wendl Exudates used in Herbal Medicine in South Eastern Nigeria

The phytochemical contents and medicinal values of Dacroydes edulis and Raphia hookeri exudates were investigated. Phytochemical screening of the plant showed that they contain the presence of bioactive compounds comprising saponins (2.08–3.98mg 100g⁻¹), alkaloids (0.28–0.49 mg 100g⁻¹), tannins (0.47–0.72 mg 100g⁻¹), flavonoids (0.26–0.39 mg 100g⁻¹), and phenolic compounds (0.01–0.05 mg 100g⁻¹). The carbohydrates, lipids and protein content were 77.42–78.90%, 2.02–4.185% and 16.63–18.38% respectively. The exudates are a good source of water soluble vitamins; ascorbic acid (7.04–26.40 mg 100g⁻¹), niacin (3.12–4.00 mg 100g⁻¹), riboflavin (0.14–0.54 mg 100g⁻¹) and thiamine (0.15–0.22 mg 100g⁻¹),). Both plants exudates are good sources of minerals such as Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn while Cr and Co were trace. These results indicate that exudates can be potential sources of feedstock for the pharmaceutical industry.     

Reimbursement models to tackle market failures for antimicrobials: Approaches taken in France,Germany, Sweden,the United Kingdom,and the United States

IntroductionThe pipeline of new antibacterials remains limited. Reasons include low research investments, limited commercial prospects, and scientific challenges. To complement existing initiatives such as research grants, governments are exploring policy options for providing new market incentives to drug developers.Materials and methodsReimbursement interventions for antibacterials in France, Germany, Sweden, US, and UK were reviewed and analysed by the authors.ResultsIn France, Germany, and the US, implemented interventions centre on providing exceptions in cost-containment mechanisms to allow higher prices for certain antibacterials. In the US, also, certain antibacterials are granted additional years of protection from generic competition (exclusivity) and faster regulatory review. The UK is piloting a model that will negotiate contracts with manufacturers to pay a fixed annual fee for ongoing supply of as many units as needed. Sweden is piloting a model that will offer manufacturers of selected antibacterials contracts that would guarantee a minimum annual revenue. A similar model of guaranteed minimal annual revenues is under consideration in the US (PASTEUR Act).ConclusionsThe UK and Sweden are piloting entirely novel procurement and reimbursement models. Existing interventions in the US, France, and Germany represent important, but relatively minor interventions. More countries should explore the use of novel models and international coordination will be important for ‘pull’ incentives to be effective. If adopted, the PASTEUR legislation in the US would constitute a significant ‘pull’ incentive.     

Examining community pharmacists’ intention to provide pharmacist-driven vaccination services: A structural equation modelling

BackgroundThe evidence of pharmacists' current involvement in vaccination services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is uncertain. This study would be a first step to develop vaccination services by investigating community pharmacists’ intention to be involved in PDV services not just during COVID-19 pandemic but also during standard service provision in Turkey which can be taken as an example across LMICs.ObjectiveConsidering the efforts to empower community pharmacists in service provision, the goal of the present study was to develop a structural equation model to explain the “Pharmacist-Driven Vaccination Service Intention Model (PDV-SIM)” by using the theory of planned behavior (TPB).MethodsBased on the constructs of TPB, a measurement tool was developed. Sub-factors of PDV service intention was determined by conducting exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In the second step, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to prove the theoretical structure of the tool. Finally, a model explaining the relationship between observed variables, latent constructs from TPB was developed by SEM analysis.ResultsIn the proposed PDV-SIM, patient related attitude toward PDV services, attitude toward negative consequences of PDV services, and subjective norm about PDV services had an impact on the behavioral intention of community pharmacists. Nevertheless, professional development attitude toward PDV services and perceived behavioral control were not evaluated as determinants of the behavioral intention.ConclusionResults of this study revealed that TPB is appropriate for modelling PDV service intention of community pharmacists. This model can be utilized as a guide to potential pharmacy regulatory bodies and policy makers in their efforts to enable community pharmacists as vaccinators across LMICs.     

药物气相色谱分析衍生化方法推荐专家系统的设计与实现

介绍了药物气相色谱分析衍生化方法推荐专家系统。该系统可对分子量小于５００,且分子中含有－ＣＯＯＨ、－ＣＯＯ－、－ＯＨ、－Ｏ＾－、－ＮＨ２（包括Ｒ－２、＝ＣＯＮＨ２、－ＳＯ２ＮＨ２）、ＮＨ（包括Ｒ１ＮＨＲ２、－ＣＯＮＨＲ、－ＣＯＮＨＳＯ２－、－ＳＯ２ＮＨＲ、Ｒ１ＮＨＣＯＮＨＲ２）、Ｒ４Ｎ（＋＋、Ｃ＝、＝ＣＨＯ、－ＳＨ、＝ＳＯ３Ｈ、－ＳＯ３＾－等 有团的药物实现衍生化方法推荐,并能自动调用柱系统推荐子     

Human leukocyte interferon-α in cream,for the treatment of genital warts in asian women a placebo-controlled,double-blind study

The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to determine and compare the clinical efficacy and tolerance of human leukocyte -interferon (incorporated 2 × 10⁶ IU/g) in hydrophilic cream to cure genital warts. Preselected Asian female patients (n=150) aged 18–40 years (mean 22.5), with the clinical and biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of genital warts (mean 2.64), predominantly flat vaginal condylomas, were randomly allocated to 3 parallel groups. Each patient was given a coded tube containing 80 g placebo/active preparation with a graduated applicator. Patients were instructed to inject 6 g of the either alloted placebo/active cream deep into the vagina thrice a day for 3 consecutive days (group A) or 4 consecutive days (group B) per week, and if not cured the same treatment was extended to 3 more weeks (maximum 4 weeks active treatment). To assess the clinical efficacy patients were examined on a week-to-week basis. A total clearance of warts (biopsy-confirmed) was evaluated as a complete cure. Patients cured during the treatment were spared further treatment and were requested to visit us after 16 weeks for relapse control. As for the remaining patients, empty tubes were collected, and similarly coded replacement tubes were given for further treatment (in total 588 tubes were used). By the end of the treatment 57.2% lesions (227/397) were eliminated in all the groups: 48% patients in group A, 90% patients in group B, and 10% patients in placebo groups taken as completely cured. Of the 150 patients 128 (85.3%) did not complain of any drug-related adverse symptoms. Transitory increase in body temperature (mean 38.4°C), accompanied by headache (14.6%) and generalized itching (6.6%) were the most frequently reported side effects; however, treatment was well tolerated by all the patients, and there were no dropouts. Our findings indicate that clinical efficacy is dose dependent, that is, the results of group B were significantly superior to that of group A (P < 0.05). Of the 49.3% cured patients (74/150) followed up for 6 months (monthly basis) seven had a relapse, and none had reinfection. It is concluded that clinical efficacy of leukocyte interferon-a to cure genital warts is dose dependent. These results further support the view that leukocyte interferon-a incorporated in hydrophilic cream can be considered a reliable, safe, and home-based treatment to cure vulvar and vaginal warts.Abbreviation HPV human papillomavirus     

广东省涉外乡镇企业职业性噪声危害情况调查分析

目的　了解广东省涉外乡镇企业职业性噪声危害情况,为防治措施提供科学依据。方法　对１９９２ ～１９９６ 年进行的《广东省涉外乡镇企业职业危害状况调查》的噪声危害情况资料进行研究分析。结果　在广东省涉外乡镇企业中,接触噪声的工人占接触职业有害因素工人的３２－０６ ％ ,噪声作业点超标率为３１－３２ ％ ,接触噪声工人的高频损伤和语音损伤总检出率为８－９２ ％ ;在没有得到有效的防护措施的保护情况下,超时间暴露在严重超标的噪声环境,是造成噪声对工人身体危害的主要原因。结论　噪声是广东省涉外乡镇企业主要的职业危害因素之一。禁止落后生产设备的使用,加强“三同时”管理和个人防护措施的落实,提高工人自我保护意识,避免超时工作,是预防涉外乡镇企业职业性噪声危害的主要措施。     

Hand-arm vibration syndrome and its prevalence in the present status of private forestry enterprises in Japan

Summary Currently there are no limitations on age of employment on private forestries in Japan. Hence, it was hypothesized that in these kind of enterprises, elderly chain saw operators, or those with long-term exposure, might be at higher risk of developing hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). We consequently investigated the prevalence of HAVS in 447 chain saw workers on private forestries in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, with particular reference to age and exposure period. Of this population, 43 (9.6%) had signs and symptoms of vibration-induced white finger (VWF), and among these workers the severity of finger blanching was significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with the exposure period. Classification of all subjects by exposure period showed that workers with 30 years' exposure had higher prevalences of VWF (20.9%) and numbness of the hands (25.4%) compared to other groups. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were found between the functional capacities of workers with VWF and those of control subjects. We concluded that (a) the elderly chain saw operators and those with longer exposure should be moved to other jobs with a lower or no risk of exposure to vibration, and (b) the results of screening tests, even without cold water immersion (which we did not employ, in order to protect workers' hands), could be helpful for the identification of workers with VWF.     

知识管理在我院药学部的应用

目的:探讨知识管理在医院药学部(药剂科)的应用。方法:总结近年来我院药学部关于知识管理的数种模式。结果:我院药学部知识管理已基本成型。结论:通过知识管理,增强了药学部的应变能力和创新能力。     

陕西省药品经营企业GSP认证调查研究

目的:找出解决GSP认证中存在问题的有效途径,为政府相关部门进一步制订法规、政策提供参考。方法:采用实地调研的方法分析陕西省药品经营企业在GSP认证过程中存在的实际问题。结果与结论:只有多方配合,进一步提高各类人员素质,明确各自职责,规范各项管理制度,GSP认证才能顺利实施。     

药事管理学科理论构建方法研究

目的 :进一步完善我国药事管理学科理论。方法 :采用演绎理论和扎根理论 ,研究药事管理学科理论构建的程序与方法。结果与结论 :药事管理学科理论具有多样性和实证性等特点 ,尚需不断努力研究和完善。