温度和湿度对黄绿青霉菌生长和产毒的影响

目的在实验室内观察温度和湿度对黄绿青霉菌（PCV）生长情况和产毒的影响。方法用察氏培养基培养黄绿青霉菌,使用真菌培养箱控制温度和湿度,观察黄绿青霉菌在温度和湿度其生长情况,提取产生的黄绿青霉毒素（CIT）,用高效液相色谱法检测CIT毒素含量。结果温度从10℃,20℃到30℃,黄绿青霉菌生长情况逐步变好（H=12.869,P=0.002）,湿度从0.40、0.60升高到0.80,黄绿青霉菌生长情况亦逐步好转（H=11.715,P=0.003）;黄绿青霉菌在温度为10℃、20℃、30℃以及在湿度为0.40、0.60、0.80的条件下均可产毒,产毒量为3.02～5.98 mg。温度对PCV产毒没有影响（F=2.843,P=0.071）,湿度对PCV产毒有影响（F=130.252,P〈0.000 1）,温度和湿度对PCV产毒有交互作用（F=3.184,P=0.024）。结论温度和湿度的提高有利于黄绿青霉菌的生长;温度对黄绿青霉菌产毒影响较小,湿度对黄绿青霉菌产毒影响较大,湿度的提高有利于产毒;温度和湿度对PCV产毒有交互作用,提高温度和湿度可明显提高产毒量。     

海洋青霉属真菌菌株XGH2321抑菌活性代谢产物的分离与鉴定

目的从青霉属真菌XGH2321的发酵液中分离抑菌活性次级代谢产物。方法发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取、正相硅胶柱层析、C18柱制备色谱分离获得单体,并对化合物进行结构鉴定及活性测试。结果从菌株XGH2321的乙酸乙酯提取物中分离得到3个己酮烯类化合物及1个酯类化合物,根据化合物的光谱特征(ESI-MS、1H-NMR和13C-NMR)和理化性质分别鉴定为sorbicillin(1),2’,3’-dihydrosorbicillin(2),2,3-Dihydro-7-hydroxy-6,8-dimethyl-2-[(E)-prop-l-enyl]chromen-4-one(3)和dibutylphthalate(4),其中化合物3和4对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的生长具有明显的抑菌活性,化合物1、2、3对白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)的生长具有明显的抑菌活性,化合物1和2对烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)对的生长具有明显的抑菌活性。结论化合物2和3的抗MRSA作用,化合物1和3的抗白色念珠菌作用及化合物1、2和3的抗烟曲霉作用属首次报道。     

Screening of Penicillium species for occurrence of lectins and their characterization

Out of 15 Penicillium species screened for lectin activities, P. griseofulvum and P. thomii were found to possess mycelial lectin activity. None of the species displayed extracellular or cell surface‐bound lectin activity. Both species agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes. P. griseofulvum lectin showed specificity to human type O erythrocytes. While P. thomii lectin specifically agglutinated human type A erythrocytes. Highest lectin activities from P. thomii and P. griseofulvum were expressed after 8 and 7 days of growth, respectively. Lectins from both the species displayed a high binding affinity to chondroitin‐6‐sulphate, mucin, asialofetuin, D‐sucrose, and D‐trehalose. Ammonium sulphate at 50% saturation yielded 80% of the total lectin activity. Dialysis and ultrafiltration of the precipitates resulted in 1.79 and 3.46 fold purification of P. griseofulvum and P. thomii lectins, respectively. Both lectins showed pH optima between 7.0–8.0 and were stable near the neutral pH after 2 h. P. thomii lectin exhibited optimal activity at 35–40 °C, and P. griseofulvum lectin at 30–40 °C. P. thomii lectin showed a complete loss of activity above 40 °C, P. griseofulvum lectin was stable at or below 35 °C. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

青霉源抗菌肽类霉肽素的体外抑菌活性研究

目的研究抗菌肽类霉肽素（AF）的体外抑菌活性。方法通过抑菌圈法和二倍稀释法检测AF的抗菌谱和对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC;通过检测在AF中传代菌的敏感性确定细菌是否容易对AF产生抗药菌;将AF和细菌在不同温度和pH环境作用后检测抑菌活性,明确AF发挥活性的最适温度和pH值。结果AF对大部分供试细菌和抗药菌有效,对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为0．8mg／ml,金黄色葡萄球菌在AF中传代200代后敏感性不变。在14℃到30℃之间AF的抑菌活性随温度升高而降低,在pH3到pH10之间AF的活性随pH值升高而降低。结论AF是一种对抗性菌有效的广谱抗菌肽,而且不容易诱导细菌产生抗药性。     

Morphology of Penicillium marneffei under oxidative stress in vitro

Penicillium marneffei is an intracellular pathogen; the mechanism allowing it to survive under oxidative stress remains unclear. For a better understanding of the response of P. marneffei to oxidative stress, the change in ultrastructure of this fungus before and after treatment with hydrogen peroxide was examined. A bamboo rat isolate and human isolate of P. marneffei were cultured on PDA at 25 °C and on BHI agar at 37 °C for 7 days respectively, with and without hydrogen peroxide; the morphology of strains was examined by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. While comparing the human isolate with the bamboo rat isolate cultured without hydrogen peroxide, it showed no significant difference in ultrastructure. Microbodies were seen under transmission electron microscope in the yeast form, but could not be seen in mould form. After the strains were cultured with hydrogen peroxide, the mould form produced more rose red pigment; organelles of the fungal cells had been involved at different levels. Furthermore, the mould form of the human isolate with decreased conidia production and the yeast form with apoptosis could be observed. These results indicated that different strains of P. marneffei may have different levels of power to survive under oxidative stress.     

生物炭改善青霉素菌渣厌氧消化性能

目的 为提高青霉素菌渣厌氧消化性能。方法 在(35±2)℃,采用批式发酵工艺,在不同有机负荷菌渣中添加不同量生物炭进行厌氧消化。结果 添加生物炭,在有机负荷为2%VS和3%VS时,沼气产量比对照提高42.8%以上,甲烷含量比对照提前3~5d达到峰值,恢复pH值至7.0以上的时间明显缩短,VFA下降速度增快,氨氮浓度均在2500mg/L以下,VS去除率提高20%以上。有机负荷为4%VS时,沼气产量比对照提高了175.2%,但系统仍未正常运行。未添加生物炭,有机负荷为3% VS和4%VS时,发酵系统酸化,没有启动成功。结论     

荚果蕨植物内生真菌Penicillium sp. SYP-F-7610的抑菌活性次级代谢产物研究

摘要：目的 研究荚果蕨根茎内生真菌Penicillium sp. SYP-F-7610发酵液中抑菌活性次级代谢产物。方法 采用硅胶柱 色谱、ODS柱色谱、反相半制备HPLC等分离菌株发酵液中的次级代谢产物,根据比旋光度和波谱学数据(MS、1H NMR、13C NMR)进行结构鉴定。采用比浊法测试次级代谢产物的抑菌活性。结果 从荚果蕨根茎内生真菌Penicillium sp. SYP-F-7610发 酵液中分离鉴定了7个化合物,分别为青霉酸(1)、3,5,6-三甲基-2,4-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯(2)、苔黑酚(3)、4-羟基苯乙酸甲酯(4)、 6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-methyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylic acid (5)、chermesinone A (6)和(R)-甲羟戊酸内酯(7)。化合物1 对大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli CMCC44103)、乙型副伤寒沙门菌(Salmonela paratyphi B CMCC50094)、蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus ATCC14579)和肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae CMCC46117)表现出抑制作用,IC50值为3.19~6.79 μg/mL。结论 本文 首次对荚果蕨属植物的内生真菌进行研究,发现荚果蕨根茎内生真菌Penicillium sp. SYP-F-7610的次级代谢产物结构类型丰富、 生物活性多样,值得深入研究。化合物5为首次报道从青霉属真菌次级代谢产物中分离得到。化合物1为首次报道对乙型副伤寒 沙门菌具有抑制活性。     

产黄青霉Penicillium chrysogenum S-3-25人工海水培养基发酵次级代谢产物研究

目的 阐明南极深海来源真菌产黄青霉Penicillium chrysogenum S-3-25人工海水培养基的发酵次级代谢产物及其活性。方法 利用各种色谱技术分离纯化次级代谢产物,根据理化和波谱数据（核磁共振、质谱技术和Marfey分析）鉴定化合物结构,采用3-(4,5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide（MTT）法评价细胞毒活性。结果 从真菌S-3-25人工海水培养基发酵产物中分离鉴定了8个单体化合物：2-[[(2S)-2-amino-1-oxopropyl] amino] benzoic acid (1),methyl 2-[[(2S)-2-amino-1-oxopropyl] amino] benzoate (2),2-[[(2S)-2-hydroxy-1-oxopropyl] amino] benzamide (3),3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylpropionamide (4),4-hydroxycinnamamide (5),cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr) (6),脑苷脂A (7) 及脑苷脂B (8)。细胞毒活性测试结果表明化合物1~8在50 μM作用浓度下对三种受试细胞（人乳腺癌MCF-7,人肺癌A549以及小鼠小胶质BV2细胞）的抑制率均低于50%。结论 从极地深海来源真菌产黄青霉S-3-25人工海水培养基发酵产物中分离得到8个单体化合物,其中化合物1和2为新天然产物,未见有文献数据的报道。化合物1~8均未呈现较强的细胞毒活性。     

经皮肤损伤感染马尔尼菲青霉菌致病力动物实验研究

目的研究马尔尼菲青霉菌经皮肤损伤途径感染小鼠致病力情况。方法将马尔尼菲青霉菌野生株和人感染株孢子悬液分别注入鼠尾皮内,观察接种后发病情况,于第15,50 d分批处死、解剖。结果马尔尼菲青霉菌导致小鼠皮肤感染发病率为100%,而85%小鼠皮损可自行消退痊愈,15%小鼠出现皮肤播散性感染;组织病理示:皮损处细胞性炎症反应在皮损中显著。从发病时间和早期病变严重程度比较,野生株致病力显著强于人感染株(P<0.05);但是从后期病变严重程度和自行痊愈率比较,野生株和人感染株致病力差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论马尔尼菲青霉菌可以经皮肤损伤引起小鼠致病,其引起机体剧烈细胞免疫应答反应是致病力重要因素之一;野生株和人感染株感染早期致病力有差异,预后无差异。     

氟康唑诱导菌丝相马尔尼菲青霉菌产67.5kDa蛋白

目的探讨在体外加入氟康唑培养菌丝相马尔尼菲青霉菌的外分泌蛋白质变化情况。方法11株马尔尼菲青霉菌分别接种于含8μg/mL和不含氟康唑的30mL沙氏液基(SDB)中,25℃培养1周。E-test法测定不同培养液中菌丝对氟康唑的药敏。同时提取培养液中的蛋白质,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳比较外分泌蛋白质差异。结果含氟康唑SDB中的马尔尼菲青霉菌菌丝悬液均变为玫瑰红色,不含氟康唑SDB中菌丝悬液颜色不变红。含氟康唑SDB中菌丝氟康唑MIC值显著增高(P<0.01),而且分泌67.5kDa蛋白质。结论在25℃沙氏液基中,8μg/mL氟康唑可以诱导马尔尼菲青霉菌产红色色素并分泌67.5kDa蛋白质。