南海海洋真菌Penicillium sp. FS60的次级代谢产物研究

目的:研究南海海洋真菌Penicillium sp.FS60的次级代谢产物及其细胞毒活性。方法:采用正相硅胶柱、反相硅胶柱、凝胶柱、HPLC和薄层制备等色谱技术和重结晶对菌株FS60的发酵产物进行分离纯化,并通过波谱分析进行结构鉴定;以神经胶质瘤细胞SF-268、乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、大细胞肺癌细胞NCI-H460为供试细胞株,采用SRB法测试化合物的细胞毒活性,以金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)、大肠杆菌(EC)和铜绿假单胞菌(PA)为指示菌株,采用改良的MMT法测试化合物的抗菌活性。结果:从发酵物中分离并鉴定了7个化合物,分别为:2,4-二羟基-3,5,6三甲基苯甲酸甲酯(1)、对羟基苯乙酮(2)、5-羟甲基糠酸(3)、isochromophilone VIII(4)、麦角甾醇(5)、过氧化麦角甾醇(6)、啤酒甾醇(7)。结论:化合物1为首次从青霉属真菌中分离得到,化合物3具有较强的抗菌活性,化合物4具有显著的胞毒活性。     

Estimated Worldwide Prevalence of the PI*ZZ Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Genotype in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

IntroductionThe prevalence of α1-antitrypsin PI*ZZ genotypes in patients with COPD is only partially known. We aimed to estimate this prevalence worldwide.MethodA systematic review of the literature was conducted for studies investigating the prevalence of COPD and the prevalence of severe alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) PI*ZZ genotype. Results are shown in tables and on a whole world interpolation map.ResultsStudies from 48 countries with available data (21 from Europe, 9 from the Americas, 5 from Africa, 11 from Asia and 2 from Australasia) were selected. About 235,000 individuals with PI*ZZ genotypes were accounted: 50% in Europe, 37% in America, 9% in Asia, 3% in Australasia and 1% in Africa. The estimated crude prevalence of COPD in adults older than 40 years was 12.45% in Europe, 13.51% in America, 13.22% in Africa, 11.70% in Asia and 11.86% in Australasia. The highest PI*ZZ weighted average prevalence among COPD subjects (expressed as 1/x [95% confidence intervals]) were found in Northern Europe (395 [252–576]) followed by Western (797 [538–1165]), Southern (944 [600–1475]) and Central Europe (1096 [687–1738]). Outside Europe, high values were found in Australia–New Zealand (1007 [684–1509]), Saudi Arabia (1276 [563–2961]), United States (1298 [1094–1540]), Canada (1482 [1057–2083]) and Thailand (1807 [717–4692]). In the rest of the world, prevalence was significantly lower, especially in vast regions of Asia and Africa where the PI*Z gene is practically non-existent.ConclusionsSevere AATD is associated with a significant number of cases of COPD, especially in Europe, USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia.     

New Isolated Metschnikowia pulcherrima Strains from Apples for Postharvest Biocontrol of Penicillium expansum and Patulin Accumulation

Wild yeasts isolated from the surface of apples were screened for antagonistic activity against Penicillium expansum, the main producer of the mycotoxin patulin. Three antagonistic yeasts (Y33, Y29 and Y24) from a total of 90 were found to inhibit P. expansum growth. Identification by ITS region sequence and characterization showed that three selected isolates of yeast should be different strains of Metschnikowia pulcherrima. Several concentrations of the selected yeasts were used to study their in vitro antifungal effectivity against P. expansum on Petri dishes (plates with 63.6 cm² surface) whereas their potential activity on patulin reduction was studied in liquid medium. Finally, the BCA that had the best in vitro antifungal capacity against P. and the best patulin degradation capacity was selected to be assessed directly on apples. All the selected strains demonstrated antifungal activity in vitro but the most efficient was the strain Y29. Isolated strains were able to reduce patulin content in liquid medium, Y29 being the only strain that completely reduced patulin levels within 120 h. The application of Y29 as biocontrol agent on the surface of apples inoculated with P. expansum, inhibited fungal growth and patulin production during storage. Therefore, the results shown that this yeast strain could be used for the reduction of P. expansum and its mycotoxin in apples or apple-based products by adapting the procedure application.     

Cutaneous Penicillium marneffei infection in a patient with idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia

We describe a case of cutaneous Penicillium marneffei infection in a non‐HIV‐infected male patient with idiopathic CD4⁺ T lymphocytopenia (ICL). The cutaneous lesions were cured after the treatment of itraconazole combined with interleukin‐2.     

Isolation and characterization of heavy‐metal resistant microbes from roadside soil and phylloplane

Contamination by heavy metals is one of the major environmental problems in many countries and these contaminants reach from various sources such as traffic cars and other activities. Soil and phylloplane samples were collected from eight traffic and two non‐traffic sites in Sohag city, Egypt. Heavy metal contents of Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ of soil and phylloplane samples were determined and revealed high levels of Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ in traffic samples. A total of 112 bacterial and 62 fungal isolates were obtained from soil and phylloplane. Bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological, physicochemical and biochemical characteristics; and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Fungal isolates were identified according to morphological characterization. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ for each isolate were detected. All bacterial and fungal isolates demonstrated resistance to lead with MICs >0.528 mM and >0.211, respectively. Moreover, the maximum MICs of cadmium and zinc for bacteria were 0.821 mM and 1.471 mM, respectively, where as, MICs for fungi were 0.328 mM and 0.588 mM, respectively. The most resistant bacterial and fungal isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa RA65 and Penicillium corylophyllum, respectively. Therefore, P. aeruginosa RA65 was selected for further investigations. Growth curve study showed that 0.264 mM lead had no efficiently effect on the growth of P. aeruginosa RA65. Plasmid isolation evidenced by transformation studies indicated that P. aeruginosa RA65 harbored a single plasmid (～9.5 kb) which mediated heavy meal resistance. Consequently, these microbial isolates could be potentially used in bioremediation of heavy metal‐contaminated environment. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Ultrastructural Observations on Penicillium marneffei in Natural Human Infection

The ultrastructure of Penicillium marneffei and the host response to the infection were studied in two patients. One was immunocompetent and the other an immunosuppressed renal graft recipient. In the immunocompetent patient it was observed that all the yeast cells were phagocytosed and were found either within membrane-bound vacuoles or lying freely within the cytoplasm of the macrophages. It was postulated that continuous lysosomal fusion with the phagolysosomes and multiplication of the fungi within the phagocytic vacuoles might eventually lead to the rupture of the vacuoles with release of the organisms into the cytoplasm of the macrophages. In the second patient, the immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroids might account for the large number of nonphagocytosed fungi in the tissue space, and the failure to form large phagocytic vacuoles.     

霉酚酸产生菌短密青霉菌UA-32的发酵研究

研究短密青霉菌UA-32产生霉酚酸的发酵条件。改良了种子培养基,并对发酵所需的氨基酸、碳源进行了考察;采用正交设计优化得到发酵培养基配方。优化后的摇瓶发酵单位比优化前提高90%。     

马尔尼菲青霉酵母细胞黑素的分离纯化及理化性质的分析

目的 探讨提取、纯化马尔尼菲青霉(PM)酵母细胞的黑素并研究其理化性质.方法 在基础液体培养基中加入左旋多巴37℃振荡培养PM酵母细胞,通过溶壁酶、变性剂和浓酸等处理PM酵母细胞以分离提取黑素,用化学分析、紫外光谱、红外光谱以及电子顺磁共振(EPR)波谱研究PM黑素的理化性质.结果 PM黑素与合成多巴黑素的理化性质相似,均溶解于碱,不溶于酸,不溶于水和大多数有机溶剂,在pH≤3时产生沉淀,能被氧化剂H2O2漂白.紫外光谱分析显示,在205 nm处有最大吸收峰,随波长的增加其吸收值减小.红外光谱分析表明,PM黑素具有经典的黑素红外吸收特征,即在3μm附近和6μm附近各有一个吸收峰;EPR提示PM黑素含有稳定的自由基.结论 PM酵母细胞能利用外源性左旋多巴合成多巴黑素.     

麦考酚酸产生菌液体发酵条件的优化

研究了短密青霉菌L产生麦考酚酸的发酵工艺条件，包括斜面培养基种类、初始pH、培养温度、碳氮源种类等，并通过均匀设计法优化了发酵培养基的组成。在优化条件下，摇瓶发酵单位达8565μg／ml，比优化前提高了89％。