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牙髓牙周联合病变是发生于牙髓及牙周组织的细菌感染性疾病,当病情发展到一定程度,细菌、毒素和组织炎性产物可通过根尖孔、侧枝根管、牙本质小管等途径在牙髓与牙周组织中相互渗透、相互影响,导致联合病变的发生。近年来,牙周和牙髓的内在关联及其发病机制一直为学者们所关注。为此,本文主要就牙周和牙髓组织间相互通路及细菌感染的相互影响做一综述。     

The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for patent ductus arteriosus closure in preterm infants

Over the last four decades, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been widely used to induce closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants. Evidence to support this practice is lacking, despite performance of >50 randomized trials. The credibility of those trials may have been compromised by high rates of open treatment in controls, era of study prior to advent of modern practices, or inclusion of insufficient numbers of very immature infants. Meta-analyses show little impact of those factors on main conclusions. Essentially all trials reporting important long-term outcomes (other than mortality) initiated treatment within five days after birth, so no evidence regarding later treatment is available. Accruing clinical experience suggests that long-term outcomes are not compromised, and may be improved, with non-interventional management strategies. Future studies to identify preterm infants at greatest risk of potential harm from a persistent PDA, particularly after the second postnatal week, are urgently needed.     

Clinical anatomy and surgical significance of the lingual foramina and their canals

The lingual foramina and canals can be categorized as median or lateral based on their relation to the midline of the mandible. Investigation of the mandibular lingual region is often done with gross anatomical dissections of cadavers, 2D panoramic radiographic imaging, CT, and cone beam CT (CBCT). While gross studies are the most reliable at qualifying canal contents and course, CBCT proved to be superior to other radiographic techniques for visualizing lingual foramina and canals. The submental and sublingual arteries, and their branches are found in the lingual vascular canals. There is tremendous variation between individuals in terms of the course of the lingual canals and their anastomosis with other vascular canals. Performing the dental implantation procedures in the anterior and posterior regions of the mandible can result in perforation of the lingual cortex, which could injure the arteries that lie within the lingual canal. If hemorrhage occurs, it could lead to life‐threatening upper airway obstruction. Pre‐surgical investigation to identify the diameter of the lingual foramina and canal as well as their distance from the alveolar process might be necessary to prevent hemorrhage for all patients. Clin. Anat. 30:194–204, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

二维斑点追踪技术评估卵圆孔未闭封堵术后左心房功能

目的 应用二维斑点追踪技术（two-dimensional speckle-tracking imaging，2D-STI）评估介入治疗对卵圆孔未闭（patent foramen ovale，PFO）患者左房功能的影响。方法 选取2018年6月至2019年1月于首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院确诊、拟行介入封堵术的卵圆孔未闭患者45例为研究对象。患者术前及术后1 d、术后1个月行常规经胸超声心动图检查，存储图像，应用STI技术描记获取左房应变－时间曲线。测量储器阶段、管道阶段及泵阶段的左房整体纵向应变值，应用配对样本t检验，对术后1 d、术后1个月与术前1 d左房各阶段整体纵向应变值间的差异性进行比较。结果 术后1 d左房储器阶段、管道阶段及泵阶段的整体纵向应变值均较术前明显降低（P<0.05）。术后1个月随访到的35例患者左房各阶段整体纵向应变值与术前比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 卵圆孔未闭封堵治疗对左房机械功能会产生一过性影响，术后1个月内需密切关注。     

中药国际标准构建的战略思考＊

从我国中药类产品出口角度,研究中药相关标准法规对我国进出口贸易的意义。针对我国中药提取物和中药材出口情况,提出要借助国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization,ISO)平台,推进我国中药国际标准的制定工作;完善修订我国药典法规,争取参与国外药典法规的修订;针对中成药出口情况,提出可以借鉴日本汉方药,开展经典名方研究;为防止发达国家利用资金和技术上的优势在传统知识基础上无偿进行二次开发,或进行中药、中成药专利抢注以获取高额利润,提出要谨防我国中草药被生物盗版,及早建立中医药古籍保护制度。     

Dyspnea following thoracostomy closure after right pneumonectomy: An uncommon echocardiographic diagnosis and therapeutic approach

Dyspnea and hypoxemia are common postoperative problems after pneumonectomy. One of the rarer causes of respiratory distress after right pneumonectomy is the development of a significant right‐to‐left shunt across a patent foramen ovale (PFO), which can evolve at a variable interval of time after the operation. We report here our experience with a patient who underwent right pneumonectomy, followed by several complications, and who presented severe dyspnea 7 months later, after the closure of a right thoracostomy. This report outlines the management of this challenging clinical condition; transesophageal echocardiography (TOE) provided a clear diagnosis and guided an effective percutaneous treatment.     

Electrocardiographic changes and arrhythmias following percutaneous atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale device closure

Objectives: To compare pre‐ and post‐procedure electrocardiograms (ECGs) in a large cohort of patients after percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO). Background: Percutaneous device closure of ASD or PFO is commonplace. Conduction and rhythm anomalies associated with percutaneous device placement have been reported. Methods: We reviewed records for all patients who underwent percutaneous device closure of ASD or PFO at our institution from 1999 to 2008. Pre‐procedure ECG and Holter studies were compared to available short term (<2 months after placement) and intermediate follow‐up (>2 months) ECG or Holter. Results: Pre‐ and post‐procedural ECGs were available in 610 patients (305 females, average age 50 ± 18.1 years, range 1–91 years, 384 PFO, 184 ASD, 42 with multiple defects, mean device size 16 mm, range 5–38 mm). We report an incidence of 5.2% (32/610) of arrhythmias in the 4 months following device placement, including 29 patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATs, 22 fibrillation, 7 flutter), 1 with junctional tachycardia, and 2 with heart block. Among other findings, the average P‐wave duration was increased on intermediate follow‐up as compared to early follow‐up (P < 0.001). Development of new‐onset 1st degree AV Block after the procedure was associated with an increased risk of ATs post‐procedure (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: We report a low risk of clinically significant post‐procedure arrhythmias after device placement. Clinically significant heart block occurred in only two patients (0.3%). Changes in several markers of atrial conduction were found, suggesting an effect of device closure on intra‐atrial conduction. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.