Complications Following Antidotal Use of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Therapy

The primary objective is to identify and describe the complications associated with the use of intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) therapy as an antidote for lipophilic drug toxicity. This study is a retrospective chart review of patients treated with ILE at two academic medical centers between 2005 and 2012. Based on previously reported complications, we hypothesized that pancreatitis, ARDS, and lipemia-induced laboratory interference might occur. Clinical definitions of these complications were defined a priori. Subjects treated with ILE who did not develop at least one complication were excluded. A total of nine patients were treated with ILE during the study period, six of whom experienced potential complications as a result of the ILE. Two patients developed pancreatitis, and four patients had lipemia-induced interference of interpretation of laboratory studies, despite ultracentrifugation. Laboratory interference precluded one patient from being an organ donor. Three patients developed ARDS; although temporally associated, a causal relationship between ILE and the development of ARDS cannot be clearly established. As ILE is increasingly used for less severe cases of drug toxicity, clinicians should be aware of potential complications associated with its use. A risk–benefit assessment for the use of ILE should be implemented on a case-by-case basis.     

Pancreatitis and cholecystitis in primary acute symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection – Systematic review of the literature

Acute pancreatitis and acalculous cholecystitis have been occasionally reported in primary acute symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection. We completed a review of the literature and retained 48 scientific reports published between 1966 and 2016 for the final analysis. Acute pancreatitis was recognized in 14 and acalculous cholecystitis in 37 patients with primary acute symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection. In all patients, the features of acute pancreatitis or acalculous cholecystitis concurrently developed with those of primary acute symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection. Acute pancreatitis and acalculous cholecystitis resolved following a hospital stay of 25 days or less. Acalculous cholecystitis was associated with Gilbert-Meulengracht syndrome in two cases. In conclusion, this thorough analysis indicates that acute pancreatitis and acalculous cholecystitis are unusual but plausible complications of primary acute symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection. Pancreatitis and cholecystitis deserve consideration in cases with severe abdominal pain. These complications are usually rather mild and resolve spontaneously without sequelae.     

马来酸曲美布汀对内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺损伤影响的随机对照研究

目的探讨马来酸曲美布汀对内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）术后胰腺损伤发病率的影响及安全性。方法入选我院自2012年6至12月收治的拟施行ERCP患者72例。患者随机分为马来酸曲美布汀组（n=36）和对照组（n=36）。术前60 min两组患者分别口服马来酸曲美布汀200 mg及安慰剂（维生素C0.2 g）。观察ERCP术后血清淀粉酶水平及胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症发生情况,观察术后腹痛黄疸情况及不良反应。结果马来酸曲美布汀组血清淀粉酶低于对照组,术后2 h两组差异有统计学意义（P=0.037）。72例中,ERCP术后急性胰腺炎（PEP）发生率为6.94%（5例）,高淀粉酶血症发生率为26.4%（19例）。其中,胰腺炎的发生率,马来酸曲美布汀组低于对照组（5.6%vs.8.3%）,但差异无统计学意义（χ2=1.687,P=0.134）。高淀粉酶血症的发生率,马来酸曲美布汀组低于对照组（19.4%vs.33.3%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.016,P=0.025）。马来酸曲美布汀组ERCP术后腹痛分级明显低于对照组,两组差异有显著性（P=0.008）。马来酸曲美布汀组ERCP术后直接胆红素（DBIL）与对照组同期比较有下降,差异有统计学意义（P=0.047）。但ERCP术后胆管炎发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.178）。两组均未出现严重不良反应。结论 ERCP术前口服马来酸曲美布汀对降低术后高淀粉酶血症的发生有益;并能辅助减轻腹痛。马来酸曲美布汀药物安全性好。     

加贝酯预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的实验研究

背景：急性胰腺炎是内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）的常见并发症，加贝酯对ERCP术后胰腺炎的预防作用仍存在争议。目的：探讨加贝酯对大鼠ERCP术后胰腺炎的预防作用。方法：通过血压计传导50mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）的恒定压力，向胰胆管内注入30％泛影葡胺，以制备SD大鼠ERCP术后胰腺炎模型。检测各组血清淀粉酶水平，并行胰腺组织病理学检查。结果：加贝酯治疗组的血清淀粉酶水平和胰腺组织炎症评分均显著低于胰腺炎对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：加贝酯静脉滴注对预防ERCP术后胰腺炎有效。     

重症急性胰腺炎大鼠胰腺微循环中白细胞粘附的变化

目的观察重症急性胰腺炎大鼠白细胞粘附变化以及胰腺细胞间粘附分子-1（intracellular adhesion molecules，ICAM-1）的表达变化。方法sD雄性大鼠36只，随机分为假手术组（SO组）和重症急性胰腺炎组（SAP组），每组18只。观察胰腺白细胞粘附数目，取腹主动脉血测血清淀粉酶，用SYBR—Green荧光定量PCR的方法检测胰腺组织ICAM-1的mRNA表达，取胰腺组织行病理组织学观察。结果SAP组与SO组相比，各时间点血清淀粉酶，白细胞粘附数目、ICAM-1表达水平明显增高，P〈0．05，胰腺坏死程度随着观察时间点的延长而加重，12h坏死程度最重，而白细胞粘附数目、ICAM-1表达在6h最高。结论白细胞粘附与重症急性胰腺炎的发生发展有一定的关系，ICAM-1参与白细胞粘附。     

高原重症急性胰腺炎早期并发多脏器功能障碍综合征的危险因素及治疗策略

目的 探讨高原重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者早期并发多脏器功能障碍综合征（MODS）的危险因素及治疗策略。方法 回顾性分析2000年1月-2002年12月及2003年1月-2005年12月分别收治的SAP患者108例和103例，前者为A组，后者为B组。对两组患者的年龄、性别、APACHEⅡ评分、是否伴有血液浓缩、休克、低氧血症、腹腔室隔综合征（ACS）、胸腔积液等因素进行Logistic分析，同时分析不同处理方式对SAP病死率的影响。结果 A组和B组中分别有33例和31例SAP患者早期并发MODS，这些患者在血液浓缩（HCT〉50％）、低氧血症、休克、ACS、胸腔积液方面明显高于无MODs的患者，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。B组患者由于治疗策略转变，采用了早期液体足量复苏，早期机械通气，床边血液滤过，伴腹腔高压者早期行腹腔引流等，其病死率下降，与A组比较，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论 高原地区SAP患者早期并发MODS的危险因素与血液浓缩、休克、低氧血症、ACS、胸腔积液以及与临床处理的方式有关。积极纠正低氧血症，液体足量复苏纠正休克和改善血液浓缩，控制炎症反应是阻止SAP早期发生MODS的关键。     

Hidratación con Ringer Lactato combinado con diclofenaco rectal en la prevención de pancreatitis poscolangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica

ObjectiveDifferent measures are recommended to reduce pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We conducted a study in patients with ERCP treated with rectal diclofenac or lactated Ringer's solution, or both interventions, to assess whether there is a decrease in the number of cases of post-ERCP pancreatitis.Material and methodsA mixed cohort study involving 1,896 patients from 2009 to 2018. Up to June 2012 without treatment (Group I). Subsequently, 100 mg of rectal diclofenac (Group II). Since 2016, lactated Ringer's solution 200 ml/hour during the procedure and 4 hours after it, in addition to 500 ml over 30 minutes when the pancreas was cannulated (Group III). Since 2017, lactated Ringer's solution plus Diclofenac (Group IV). There were 725 patients in group I, and 530, 227 and 414 patients in groups II, III and IV, respectively. Factors predisposing to post-ERCP pancreatitis and post-ERCP pancreatitis cases that were defined by consensus criteria have been collected.ResultsThere were 65 cases of post-ERCP pancreatitis (3.4%); 2.9%, 3.4%, 3.1% and 4.3% in groups I, II, III and IV, respectively (P = .640). In group I, there was 4.2% of post-ERCP pancreatitis in naïve papillae and 4%, 4.9% and 6.3% in groups II, III and IV, respectively (P = .585). The severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis and adverse effects were similar in all groups. 38.4% were high-risk patients. There were also no differences in post-ERCP pancreatitis in this group (P = .501).ConclusionIn this work, no benefit was obtained with diclofenac plus hydration in reducing the number and severity of cases of post-ERCP pancreatitis nor with the other prophylactic measures.