Pain mechanisms: a commentary on concepts and issues

This commentary on ideas about neural mechanisms underlying pain is aimed at providing perspective for a reader who does not work in the field of mammalian somatic sensation. It is not a comprehensive review of the literature. The organization is historical to chronicle the evolution of ideas. The aim is to call attention to source of concepts and how various ideas have fared over time. One difficulty in relating concepts about pain is that the term is used to refer to human and animal reactions ranging from protective spinal reflexes to complex affective behaviors. As a result, the spectrum of "pain"-related neural organization extends to operation of multiple neuronal arrangements. Thinking about pain has shadowed progress in understanding biological mechanisms, in particular the manner of function of nervous systems. This essay concentrates on the evolution of information and concepts from the early 19th century to the present. Topics include the assumptions underlying currently active theories about pain mechanisms. At the end, brief consideration is given to present-day issues, e.g., chronic pain, central pain, and the view of pain as an emotion rather than a sensation. The conceptual progression shows that current controversies have old roots and that failed percepts often resurface after seemingly having been put to rest by argument and evidence.     

手术逆转压力负荷性左心室肥厚的实验研究

目的:探讨外科手术逆转压力负荷性左心室肥厚的有效性.方法:75只SD大鼠随机分为正常组(n=15)和肥厚组(n=60),后者行腹主动脉缩窄术造成左心室肥厚;肥厚组存活大鼠再随机分为实验组(n=26)和对照组(n=20),实验组大鼠再次手术解除腹主动脉的缩窄,术后每周取血液标本检测血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,...     

1024点高速FFT处理器的FPGA设计与实现

目的 设计满足高速实时信号处理需要的快速傅里叶变换(FFT)处理器。方法采取基-2按频率抽取( DIF)FFT算法,蝶形运算单元采用流水线方式,接收数据采用乒乓操作的方法设计基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的1 024点、32位字长、定点复数FFT处理器。结果在时钟100 MHz下,计算1次1 024点定点FFT耗时约...     

Weight bearing evaluation in inflammatory, neuropathic and cancer chronic pain in freely moving rats

Preclinical pain assessment remains a key step for the development of new and potent painkillers. Significant progress in pain evaluation has been achieved with the development of non-reflexive tools. Seeking efficient and clinically relevant devices for pain-related quality of life assessment, we evaluated a new Dynamic Weight Bearing (DWB) device based on pressure captors in three different preclinical chronic pain models. Inflammatory (CFA), neuropathic (CCI) and bone cancer pain (femoral tumor) models were evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats for mechanical allodynia using dynamic von Frey for pain-related behaviors and DWB for discomfort. We observed similar impairment patterns in all of the models for both von Frey (allodynia) and DWB (weight balance) during the complete observation period, starting at day 3 in CCI- and CFA-affected limbs and at day 14 in bone cancer-afflicted rats, indicating that the DWB could be a useful tool for supporting pain assessment. Interestingly, we demonstrated that the main compensation, when animals experienced pain, was seen in the forepaws, ranging from 46% to 69% of increased load compared to normal. Other pain-related coping behaviors were also measured, such as the time spent on each paw and the contact surface. Our results revealed that CFA, CCI and cancerous rats decreased the use of their ipsilateral hind paws by 30% and showed a 50% reduction in paw surface pressed against the floor. In conclusion, this new device improves methods for preclinical evaluation of discomfort and quality of life proxies and could be helpful in screening putative analgesics.     

抑郁症躯体疼痛症状与述情障碍的研究

目的 研究抑郁症躯体疼痛症状与述情障碍之间的关系,进一步探讨影响躯体疼痛症状的因素.方法 将56例抑郁症患者分为无躯体症状组(单纯组),非疼痛躯体症状组(躯体症状组),疼痛躯体组(疼痛组),采用自编基本资料调查表、SCL-90症状自评量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-20)、疼痛等级评价量...     

口腭咽入路的解剖基础及手术中应用

目的　探讨口腭咽入路相应的解剖学结构和临床应用效果。 方法　在15具动脉灌注乳胶的成人尸头上模拟口腭咽入路,在显微镜下观察腭大孔、切牙孔的位置,骨嵴的比例,腭大动脉的走行,硬腭部软组织的结构特点并测量颅底重要解剖结构间的距离;对2006年3月至2010年6月经口腭咽入路行显微手术治疗的18例颅底中线区肿瘤患者的资料进行回顾性分析。 结果　切牙孔距牙槽嵴前端的距离为(5.18±2.44)mm,骨嵴的比例为93.3%,54支腭大动脉走行于硬腭半宽的中内2/3侧,术式的暴露范围主要受限于双侧的视神经、颈内动脉、舌下神经管内口等结构;本组18例中12例全切除,6例次全切除,并发症包括1例脑脊液鼻漏,1例构音不良,无死亡、偏瘫等严重并发症。 结论　口腭咽入路切除颅底中线区肿瘤具有暴露充分、手术创伤小、并发症少的优点。该入路是切除颅底中线区肿瘤的较佳入路。     

Prevalence of Bladder Pain Syndrome-like Symptoms: a Population-based Study in Korea

ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of bladder pain syndrome (BPS)-like symptoms in the general population of South Korea.MethodsBetween April 16, 2016 and April 29, 2016, we conducted an online survey and computer-assisted personal interviews with adults aged 40–79 years in Korea using structured questionnaires. The sample size was 3,000 (95% confidence level standard error ± 1.79%), and the sampling method was simple randomization according to sex, age, and residential area in proportion to the resident registration demographics of the Korean Ministry of Interior and Safety as of March 2016. All participants were surveyed using the Korean version of the Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The primary outcome was the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms, defined as a total PUF score of ≥ 12.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of BPS-like symptoms was 16.4% (483 of 3,000 participants). Women (21.4%) had a significantly higher prevalence of BPS-like symptoms than men (10.7%) (P < 0.01). The prevalence by age was significantly higher in the 70s group than in the other age groups (P < 0.01), and increased significantly with the increasing severity of depression on the GDS (P < 0.01). The prevalence of BPS-like symptoms according to the marital status was significantly different, that is, the prevalence among divorced/bereaved individuals was higher than those of married or unmarried individuals (P < 0.01).ConclusionOur large, representative population-based study showed that BPS-like symptoms are widespread among the general population of South Korea. BPS is considered a disease that deserves greater attention as it is far more common than previously thought and can negatively affect many people''s quality of life.     

Enhanced pain perception prior to smoking cessation is associated with early relapse

Accumulated evidence suggests that nicotine induces analgesia, and endogenous pain regulatory mechanisms may be altered by chronic smoking. The extent to which individual differences in pain perception are related to smokers’ ability to abstain from smoking has not been directly examined. Seventy-one smokers who were interested in quitting completed a pre-cessation laboratory session which included the cold pressor test (CPT). Pain ratings were collected during and after CPT. Also, mood changes, cardiovascular measures, and salivary cortisol samples were evaluated prior to, during, and after CPT. Participants attended 4 weekly follow-up assessment sessions after their quit day. Cox regression analysis revealed that higher pain ratings during and after CPT predicted greater risk for smoking relapse. These results remained significant after affective and physiological responses to CPT were controlled, suggesting that pain ratings prior to smoking cessation are potentially useful in identifying smokers who are at greater risk of early smoking relapse and may reflect underlying putative risk for nicotine dependence and relapse.     

髌骨成形术对类风湿关节炎全膝关节置换术后髌骨轨迹和膝前痛的影响

分析全膝关节置换术（total knee arthroplastv,TKA）保留髌骨并行髌骨成形术后对膝前区疼痛及髌骨运动轨迹影响的疗效,为临床治疗提供参考。2007年1月~2011年1月,共随访类风湿关节炎保留髌骨全膝关节置换术患者226例383膝,其中男51例,女175例,年龄34~85岁。所有患者膝关节评分采用美国HSS评分系统,髌骨评分采用Feller等评分标准,随访时调查膝前痛,拍摄膝关节正、侧及髌骨90度轴位X射片。髌骨成形术：去除髌骨周围所有骨赘,磨平边缘,修整髌骨至Wiberg分型II型,用电刀切除髌骨周围软组织,试模复位后无拇指试验no thumb test阳性者松解髌骨支持带。结果显示患者术前、术后的HSS评分、髌骨评分、膝前痛评分、髌骨功能评分差异均有显著意义（P〈0.01）。类风湿关节炎保留髌骨的全膝关节置换术,术中对髌骨进行髌骨成形术处理,使髌骨形态恢复至Wiberg分型II型,术后髌骨运动轨迹良好,膝前痛的发生率低,术后疗效可靠。     

儿童及成人变应性鼻炎患者症状及生活质量评估

目的分析评价儿童变应性鼻炎患者的症状和生活质量及两者的相关性,同时评估皮肤点刺试验（skin prick test,SPT）结果与症状、生活质量的相关性。方法分别用症状视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）和鼻结膜炎相关生活质量问卷（rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire,RQLQ）评价儿童及成人变应性鼻炎患者的症状严重程度及生活质量,记录SPT结果,并进行统计学分析。结果①儿童与成人VAS各项症状间比较均有显著性差异（F=121.25,P〈0.01;F=264.89,P〈0.01）,儿童患者评分最高的症状是鼻塞,而成人患者的首要症状是喷嚏。②儿童及成人RQLQ中生活质量最受影响的方面均为鼻部症状（3.04±5.80,P〈0.01;2.72±1.68,P〈0.01）。③VAS和RQLQ相关性分析提示,儿童及成人患者VAS鼻部总评分与RQLQ的总分均呈正相关,其中儿童患者难以入睡评分及因症状而觉得尴尬评分与鼻涕VAS评分呈正相关（r=0.230,P=0.043;r=0.325,P=0.004）,夜间醒来次数评分与鼻痒、喷嚏VAS评分呈正相关（r=0.385,P=0.001;r=0.231,P=0.042）;而成人患者睡眠方面评分、无耐心或烦躁、易怒评分均与鼻塞VAS评分呈正相关（P〈0.01）,此外喷嚏VAS评分也与部分情感呈正相关（P〈0.01）。④SPT结果与两量表的各方面及总分均无显著相关。结论儿童与成人患者症状和生活质量存在差异;鼻涕、鼻痒可能是影响儿童患者生活质量的主要原因,而鼻塞、喷嚏对成人患者生活质量的影响更为显著;变应原级别与症状严重程度及生活质量无显著相关。