Pyrroloquinolones and pyrazoloquinolones as potential antibacterial agents. Synthesis and antibacterial activity

Diethyl 1-cyclopropyl-5,7,8-trifluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3,6-dicarboxylate 4 as a key-intermediate was synthesized via the Dieckmann reaction. The reaction of 4 with nucleophiles proceeded regioselectively at C-5. Facile cyclization between the C-5 and C-6 side chains of the resulting products gave novel pyrroloquinolones 10 and 12 and pyrazoloquinolones 15. They were converted into a series of cyclic amino-substituted pyrroloquinolones 17–21 and pyrazoloquinolones 22–24, and their in vitro antibacterial activities were tested. 1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinolone 17a and 2H-pyrrolo[3,4-f]quinolone 21a exhibited a potent in vitro antibacterial activity.     

细小病毒H－1对正常仓鼠肝细胞DNA周期动力学的影响

健康成年金黄仓鼠腹腔内接种ＰＶＨ－１（５×１０６ｐｆｕ），ＦＣＭ动态检测肝细胞ＤＮＡ周期动力学变化，结果显示：ＰＶＨ－１接种后处于Ｇ０＋Ｇ１期的肝细胞与对照组动物相比无显著差异。Ｓ期肝细胞在第３天显著高于对照组动物（Ｐ＜０．０５），且在第７天时仍呈上升趋势，第１４天到３０天趋于正常水平。Ｇ２＋Ｍ期肝细胞在ＰＶＨ－１接种后第３０天升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示，动物在ＰＶＨ－１接种后第３到第７天是病毒在肝细胞中的复制高峰，并阻滞仓鼠处于Ｓ期肝细胞分裂进入Ｇ２＋Ｍ期，但是这种阻滞作用较短暂、并可逆，在ＰＶＨ－１接种后１４～３０天自然消失。     

5-HT1A receptor agonists: recent developments and controversial issues

During the last decade, serotonin (5-HT)_1A receptors have been a major target for neurobiological research and drug development. 5-HT_1A receptors have been cloned and a variety of selective agonists, such as the aminotetraline 8-OH-DPAT and the pyrimidinylpiperazine ipsapirone, have become available. Demonstrations of apparent intrinsic activity of these ligands at 5-HT_1A receptors, however, depend highly on the particular assay system. This may be due to the possible existence of receptor subtypes and to assay (or brain region)-dependent differences in receptor reserve and the nature of receptor-effector coupling. Nevertheless, the apparent intrinsic activity of 8-OH-DPAT seems to be higher (although possibly not yet maximal) than that of the pyrimidinylpiperazines. In the brain, 5-HT_1A receptors are located presynaptically as somatodendritic receptors on 5-HT neurons and postsynaptically in particular limbic and cortical regions. Although it is generally accepted that presynaptic 5-HT_1A receptors control 5-HT neuronal activity, recent evidence suggests an additional role of postsynaptic 5-HT_1A receptors in cortex as part of a negative feedback loop. Anxiolytic and antidepressive properties of selective 5-HT_1A receptor agonists have now been confirmed by clinical studies. Although it is well established that the latter properties depend on theagonistic activity of these compounds, theoptimal level of intrinsic activity is still a matter of debate and may be dependent on the clinical indication. Such compounds may also have antiaggressive effects, and possibly anticraving effects (manifested by their alcohol intake-reducing effects in dependent animals), but the specificity of these so-called anti-impulsivity effects is still controversial and not yet tested clinically. Anticataleptic, antiemetic and neuroprotective properties have been demonstrated in different species. Behavioral studies on the mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic and antidepressive effects have examined the relative contribution of pre-and postsynaptic 5-HT_1A receptors by means of local cerebral application and lesion techniques. Most evidence points towards a critical involvement of presynaptic receptors in the anxiolytic effects of 5-HT_1A receptor agonists (although a possible contribution of postsynaptic receptors cannot be excluded). With regard to the antidepressive properties, a case can be made for the reverse; i.e., a strong involvement of postsynaptic receptors and a questionable contribution of presynaptic receptors. However, as the therapeutic effects of those 5-HT_1A receptor (partial) agonists which have been tested clinically require repeated administration, attention has been directed increasingly towards chronic studies. These studies have shown that a number of electrophysiological, biochemical, behavioral and endocrinological 5-HT_1A receptor-related events adapt differentially to repeated or sustained administration. Thus, several hypotheses accounting for the delayed onset of action have been advanced. Among these, time-dependent downregulation /desensitization of eitherpre- orpostsynaptic 5-HT_1A receptors, or cortical 5-HT₂ receptors have received much attention. However, these hypotheses have their weaknesses, and it is argued thatfunctional sensitization of particular postsynaptic 5-HT_1A receptor-mediated events remains a valuable alternate hypothesis. Basic research on the role of 5-HT_1A receptors in psychopathology and in the therapeutic effects of clinically effective therapeutics, as well as on the mechanism of action of 5-HT_1A receptor ligands, will enable rational design of ligands with particular profiles of intrinsic activity at different 5-HT_1A receptor populations, and may contribute to a more efficient treatment of a multiplicity of brain disorders.     

P物质及其受体在慢性胰腺炎组织的表达和临床意义

目的 了解P物质及其受体NK－1R在正常胰腺和慢性胰腺炎中的表达，探讨它们与慢性胰腺炎时疼痛发生的关系。方法 25个慢性胰腺炎标本取自慢性胰腺炎手术，男性18例，女性7例，正常胰腺组织取自20个器官捐献者，男性11例，女性9例。应用实时定量逆转录整合酶链反应（RT－PCR）技术，检测正常胰腺和慢性胰腺炎组织中P物质和NK－1R的mRNA水平，应用Western blot技术检测NK－1R的蛋白水平，应用免疫组织化学方法进行NK－1R的组织学定位。将P物质及其受体NK－1R mRNA水平与疼痛的程度，发作频率和病程进行分析，寻找其中的相关性。结果 与正常胰腺相比，慢性胰腺炎组织中P物质和NK－1R mRNA和蛋白都过度表达，NK－1RmRNA水平与疼痛的程度，发作频率和病程明显相关。免疫组化检查显示，NK－1R的表达主要位于胰腺腺泡，胰腺导管，神经纤维和炎性细胞。结论 慢性胰腺炎组织中P物质和NK－1R的表达水平都明显上调，扰乱了神经激肽的作用环节，NK－1R的过度表达与疼痛发生有关。     

安桃乐气体吸入在分娩镇痛中对母婴影响的观察分析

目的:探讨安桃乐(ENTONOX)气体吸入对分娩镇痛及母婴结局的影响。方法:将181名无产科或内科合并症的住院产妇随机分成两组,一组由家属全程陪护,另一组由家属全程陪护+安桃乐气体吸入,观察两组产妇的镇痛效果、产程进展、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分情况、产后出血量。结果:ENTONOX吸入对分娩镇痛有效率达98.2％,显效率达80.7％,对产程进展有促进作用,对分娩方式、围产儿结局、产后出血量无显著性差异。结论:ENTONOX吸入镇痛是一种安全、有效的辅助分娩技术,作用迅速、费用低廉,是产妇乐意接受的镇痛方法。     

Handling of asymmetrical dimethylarginine and symmetrical dimethylarginine by the rat kidney under basal conditions and during endotoxaemia.

BACKGROUND: Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) is capable of inhibiting nitric oxide synthase enzymes, whereas symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA) competes with arginine transport. The potential role of inflammation in the metabolism of ADMA has been elucidated in an in vitro model using tumour necrosis factor-alpha, resulting in a decreased activity of the ADMA-degrading enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). The kidney probably plays a crucial role in the metabolism of ADMA by both urinary excretion and degradation by DDAH. We aimed to further elucidate the role of the kidney in a rat model under basal conditions and during endotoxaemia. METHODS: Twenty-five male Wistar rats weighing 275-300 g were used for this study. The combination of arteriovenous concentration differences and kidney blood flow allowed calculation of net organ fluxes. Blood flow was measured using radiolabelled microspheres according to the reference sample method. Concentrations of ADMA, SDMA and arginine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The kidney showed net uptake of both ADMA and SDMA and fractional extraction rates were 35% and 31%, respectively. Endotoxaemia resulted in a lower systemic ADMA concentration (P = 0.01), which was not explained by an increased net renal uptake. Systemic SDMA concentrations increased during endotoxaemia (P = 0.007), which was accompanied by increased creatinine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The rat kidney plays a crucial role in the regulation of concentrations of dimethylarginines, as both ADMA and SDMA were eliminated from the systemic circulation in substantial amounts. Furthermore, evidence for the role of endotoxaemia in the metabolism of dimethylarginines was obtained as plasma levels of ADMA were significantly lower in endotoxaemic rats.     

MMP-9和TIMP-1在实验性肺气肿大鼠肺组织中的表达及其意义

目的研究基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-9)及其组织抑制因子(TIMP-1)在弹性蛋白酶所致肺气肿大鼠肺组织中的表达.方法雄性Wistar大鼠20只,随机分为两组:正常对照组和肺气肿模型组,每组10只.模型组大鼠气管内滴入弹性蛋白酶复制肺气肿模型.25d后,观察各组大鼠肺组织的病理改变,免疫组化方法观察肺组织MMP-9和TIMP-1中的蛋白表达情况.结果肺气肿模型组MMP-9和TIMP-1的表达与正常对照组相比明显增强(P＜0.01),且MMP-9/TIMP-1比值失衡.结论MMP-9/TIMP-1失衡在肺气肿形成中起重要作用.     

高糖等因素对系膜细胞细胞周期调节负控蛋白P27的影响

目的探讨高糖不同浓度刺激或抑制剂对肾小球系膜细胞表达细胞周期负控蛋白P27的影响.方法不同浓度高糖(5.5 mmol/L和25mmol/L、内皮素-1(10-7mol/L)、白介素-13(10 ng/ml和100 ng/ml)作用于培养的系膜细胞.流式细胞仪检测系膜细胞P27表达水平.结果5.5mol/L浓度组在不同时间P27表达为5.10±0.94和3.84±0.81,较对照级明显降低(P＜0.001),而25 mmol/L浓度组在不同时间P27表达为26.82±3.15和30.88±3.68,较对照组明显升高.内皮素-1刺激14 h和18 h后P27的表达分别为14.76±1.49和12.18±1.30,与对照组比较有明显差异(P＜0.05,P＜0.05).IL-13 10 ng/ml浓度组和100 ng/ml浓度组P27表达为46.74±3.52和23.8±2.56,对对照组比较有明显差异(P＜0.001,P＜0.05),不同浓度组之间有显著差异(P＜0.01).结论细胞周期调节负控蛋白P27在调节系膜细胞增殖过程中起重要作用.     

重症急性胰腺炎大鼠血清高迁移率族蛋白-1水平的时相变化及意义

目的 观察重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素19(IL-19)和高迁移率族蛋白-1(HMGBl)水平的时相变化，探讨HMGBl在SAP病程中的意义。方法采用胰管逆行灌注5％牛磺胆酸钠的方法复制大鼠SAP模型。随机分为正常对照组(N组，n=8)、假手术组(Sham组，n=8)和重症急性胰腺炎组(SAP组，n=80)。用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测各组动物血清TNF-α、IL-1β。用Westernblot法检测血清HMGBl水平。结果 SAP组大鼠血清TNF-α和IL-1β在建模后迅速升高，约在4～6h达高峰，之后迅速下降，在建模12h即降至接近正常水平，一直维持至24和48h。SAP组大鼠血清HMGB1水平在建模后12h开始有明显升高，至24和48h仍维持在较高水平。结论 HMGB1可能作为晚期炎症因子参与了SAP的全身炎症反应。