514名儿童结核菌素试验结果分析

目的了解卡介苗接种后儿童结核免疫状况,为改善卡介苗接种工作提供依据。方法应用结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(PPD)试验,对514名儿童进行卡介苗接种3个月后阳性率调查。结果县疾控中心接种门诊,乡镇卫生院,外来流动儿童卡介苗接种阳性率分别为89.4%,60.82%,54.55%,不同年龄阳性率有显著的统计学意义,卡疤大小与阳性率成正比,男女比例阳性率差异无显著的统计学意义。结论加强接种人员的卡介苗接种技术培训和流动儿童管理,可提高接种质量。     

20（R）-原人参二醇酸水解条件的工艺研究

目的：优化三七茎叶总皂苷的盐酸水解工艺,提高水解产物20（R）-原人参二醇[20（R）-protopanaxadiol,20（R）-PPD]的产率。方法：采用正交试验设计,考察料液比、盐酸浓度、水解时间、水解温度对三七茎叶总皂苷水解过程的影响。结果：影响水解的主次因素依次是盐酸浓度〉料液比〉水解温度〉水解时间,优选的最佳工艺为料液比1：1;盐酸浓度17．1mol·L-1,水解时间90min,水解温度50℃。结论：采用优化后的水解条件能够提高PPD的转化率,适合工业化生产。     

外周血IFN-γ的检测在结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染诊断中的价值

目的探讨利用酶联免疫斑点（Elispot）法检测外周血结核抗原特异性γ干扰素（IFN-γ）应答反应在诊断结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染的价值。方法将150例健康者按结核暴露程度分成4级,采用Elispot技术检测其外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）结核菌抗原特异性IFN-γ分泌水平;其中111例进行结核菌素皮试（PPD皮试）;39例采用全血干扰素试剂（Quantiferon—TB—Gold,QFT—G）进行IFN-γ分泌水平的平行检测。结果采用Elispot检测结果显示体外IFN-γ应答反应水平与结核菌暴露程度成正相关（r=0．4155,P〈0．0001）,不同暴露程度分级的IFN-γ应答阳性率分别是：4级（55．6％）、3级（33．3％）、2级（16．7％）、1级（6．8％）。不同暴露程度分级与PPD皮试结果的相关性没有统计学意义（r=0．1206,P=0．2073）;不同暴露程度分级的PPD皮试反应阳性率分别为4级（33．3％）、3级（27．8％）、2级（11．1％）、1级（22．0％）。对Elispot检测结果与QTF—G检测结果进行平行比较分析,两种方法检测结果没有统计学差异（χ^2=0．125,P=0．7237）。结论外周血结核抗原特异性γ干扰素（IFN-γ）应答反应水平与结核菌暴露程度成正相关,Elispot检测体外IFN-γ应答反应在诊断结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染的价值优于PPD皮试,可以用于对潜伏感染者的筛查。     

孕期集体干预对产后抑郁症的影响

目的 探讨孕期集体干预对产后抑郁症(PPD)的作用.方法 选择在我院产检且分娩,在孕16~24周行医院焦虑-抑郁量表(HAD)筛查≥11分的438例孕妇为研究对象,分为干预组和非干预组.干预组孕妇从孕24周开始实施每周1次,每次90分钟,共6周的干预治疗,非干预组孕妇行常规孕期保健.所有研究对象在产后42天行爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(edinburgh postnatal depression scale,EPDS)测试≥12分诊断为产后抑郁症.结果 干预组产后42天HAD≥11分(有焦虑或抑郁情绪)患者比率显著低于对照组(χ2=25.22,P<0.01).干预组产妇EPDS值≥12分人数为22人,显著低于非干预组的63人,差异有统计学意义(χ2=24.51,P<0.01).结论 孕期集体干预能够缓解孕产妇焦虑-抑郁情绪,降低产后抑郁症发生率.     

免疫治疗对毛细支气管炎后哮喘发生的干预机制研究

目的：探讨卡介苗（Bacille Calmette Guerin，BCG）或联用千扰素γ（IFN-γ）／维生素A（VitA）对毛细支气管炎患儿免疫功能状态的影响。方法：毛细支气管炎患儿共44例，25例患儿给予单独BCG或合并IFN-γ／VitA治疗，治疗前和治疗3个月后分别进行纯结核蛋白衍生物（PPD）皮试，采用ELISA和逆转录．聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法测定外周血单个核细胞（peripheral blood mononuclear cells，PBMC）体外产生IL-12、IL-18、IL-10、IL-4、IFN-γ的水平及膜表面蛋白质分子淋巴细胞活化基因3（1ymphocyte activation gene-3，LAG-3）mRNA的表达，并随访平均1年时间，临床观察喘息发作的情况。19例未接受BCG接种的毛细支气管炎患儿，作为疾病对照组。结果：千预后IL-12、IL-18、及IFN-γ水平明显高于千预前，LAG-3mRNA的表达增强，IL-4水平显著降低，差异具有显著意义，IL-10水平略下降。BCG接种后PPD平均硬结直径大于千预前及毛细支气管炎对照组恢复期。BCG单用或联用IFN-γ／（VitA）组1年内喘息发作频率低于对照组恢复期，单用或联用组间差异无显著意义。临床疗效及细胞因子的产生在合并IFN-γ／VitA治疗组未显示出优势。结论：BCG可促进毛细支气管炎患儿PPD皮试阳转、增强TH1细胞功能的作用，推测IL-10水平未显著降低可能与BCG诱导产生调节性T细胞（CD4＋CD25＋Tr）有关。     

A Review of Aspects of Oxidative Hair Dye Chemistry with Special Reference to N-Nitrosamine Formation

This review discusses a new aspect to the safety profile of oxidative hair dyes using data already in the public domain. These dyes contain secondary amines that are capable of forming potentially carcinogenic nitrosamine derivatives when exposed to atmospheric pollution. Numerous scientific articles confirm the existence of secondary amines in hair dyes (and their intermediates), the possibility of nitrosation by atmospheric NO_x of secondary amines to give the N-nitrosamines, and the significant safety risks on N-nitrosamines. It is believed that such nitrosamine derivatives should be investigated more fully in the interests of consumer safety.     

Evaluation of interferon-gamma, interferon-gamma-inducing cytokines, and interferon-gamma-inducible chemokines in tuberculous pleural effusions

Tuberculous and malignant pleural effusions are representative of lymphocytic pleural effusions. In tuberculous pleurisy, especially, T-helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines are dominant, containing, for example, high concentrations of interferon (IFN)-gamma. We focused on cytokines that induce expression of IFN-gamma and Th1 cell-specific CXC chemokines induced by IFN-gamma. We also evaluated the diagnostic utility of these markers in tuberculous pleural effusions. Forty-three patients with pleural effusions (11 with tuberculous pleuritis, 32 with malignant pleuritis) were studied. We measured the pleural concentrations of IFN-gamma, IFN-gamma-inducing cytokines (interleukin IL-12 and IL-18), and IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines (interferon-gamma-inducible protein of 10-kD [IP-10], monokine induced by interferon-gamma [Mig], and interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant [I-TAC]). Our results demonstrate that the concentrations of IFN-gamma, IFN-gamma-inducing cytokines, and IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines were all higher in tuberculous pleural effusions than in malignant pleural effusions. Also, IFN-gamma was significantly correlated with IL-12, Mig, and I-TAC. Moreover, receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that IFN-gamma produced a greater area under the ROC curve than any other factor. We conclude that the concentrations of IFN-gamma, cytokines that induce expression of IFN-gamma, and chemokines induced by IFN-gamma in tuberculous pleural effusion were all increased. The Th1 chemokines we examined, especially IP-10, are comparable to IFN-gamma as diagnostic markers of tuberculous and malignant pleural effusions, although IFN-gamma is the most valuable.     

The results of purified protein derivative test in ankylosing spondylitis patients: clinical features,HRCT results and relationship with TNF-blocker usage

In this study, we evaluated the clinical features, treatment modalities, including TNF-blockers, purified protein derivative (PPD) test, chest X-ray and HRCT results in our AS patients. We evaluated the clinical features, disease activity and PPD results in 88 AS patients (72 males, 16 females, mean age: 38.3+/-10) diagnosed at our center. 119 RA, 28 SLE and 27 gouty arthritis patients followed up at the same time period were taken as the control group. The mean disease duration in AS patients was 12.6+/-8.3 years. The frequency of PPD positivity in AS patients (77.3%) was similar to that in gouty arthritis (70.4%) patients; and significantly higher than the frequency in SLE (21.4%) and RA (35.3%) patients (P values<0.001). There was a chest X-ray abnormality in 20 AS patients (22.7%). When subjects (11 patients, 12.5%) with apical fibrosis, aspergillosis, previous or active TB on chest X-ray and/or HRCT were compared to others; it was observed that they were older (P<0.001), had longer disease duration (P=0.006); and less chest expansion (P=0.01). Fifty patients were administered TNF-blockers. The PPD test was positive in 38 of patients (76%) using TNF-blockers. All of these patients were given isoniazid prophylaxis. After a median follow up of 18 months, TB did not develop. In Turkey which is a country with a relatively high incidence of TB, in spite of a higher frequency of PPD positivity in AS patients compared to RA and SLE patients, TNF-blockers did not result in any TB with suitable prophylaxis.     

TRANSVAC research infrastructure – Results and lessons learned from the European network of vaccine research and development

TRANSVAC was a collaborative infrastructure project aimed at enhancing European translational vaccine research and training. The objective of this four year project (2009–2013), funded under the European Commission's (EC) seventh framework programme (FP7), was to support European collaboration in the vaccine field, principally through the provision of transnational access (TNA) to critical vaccine research and development (R&D) infrastructures, as well as by improving and harmonising the services provided by these infrastructures through joint research activities (JRA). The project successfully provided all available services to advance 29 projects and, through engaging all vaccine stakeholders, successfully laid down the blueprint for the implementation of a permanent research infrastructure for early vaccine R&D in Europe.     

Variation of growth in the production of the BCG vaccine and the association with the immune response. An observational study within a randomised trial

IntroductionBacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine has beneficial non-specific effects on overall survival. After BCG vaccination, positive PPD response and scar formation are associated with increased survival. During a trial randomising low-birth-weight neonates to BCG at birth or the usual delayed BCG, the manufacturer of the BCG vaccine experienced a period with relatively slow growth rate of the BCG. We investigated the association between growth rate of BCG when manufacturing the vaccine and its capability to induce immune responses in vivo and in vitro.Methods1633 neonates were randomised to BCG at birth and examined for scar at 12 months; a subgroup was tested for PPD response at 2 and 6 months. The BCG batches from the Slow growth period were compared with the precedent and subsequent Normal growth batches with regard to prevalence and size of BCG scar and PPD response. We also tested the effect of batches on in vitro cytokine responses.ResultsAt 12 months, the Slow growth batches were associated with higher BCG scar prevalence (98.2%) than the precedent batches (92.3%, p = 0.01) but the prevalence remained high after return to normal growth (98.8%, p = 0.52). The Slow growth batches were associated with larger scar size (5.0 mm) than precedent (4.4 mm, p < 0.01) and subsequent batches (4.8 mm, p = 0.03). Compared with Normal growth batches, the Slow growth batches were associated with a higher prevalence of positive PPD responses, and among PPD positive children, a larger PPD reaction (geometric mean ratio: 1.40 (1.20–1.63)) at 2 months. In response to secondary heterologous stimulation, monocytes primed with Slow growth batches induced higher IL-6 (p = 0.03) and TNF-α responses (p = 0.03) compared with Normal growth batches.ConclusionThe study indicates that variations in the production of BCG vaccine may influence important immunological effects of the vaccine.Trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov (NCT00625482).