重庆某地区小学儿童超重和肥胖的危险因素研究

目的 了解重庆市某地区2所小学儿童超重、肥胖的危险因素,为儿童超重、肥胖的预防和控制提供依据.方法 采用多阶段随机整群抽样的方法对重庆市某市区2所小学511名学生进行体格检查和问卷调查,并对其家长进行问卷调查.结果 儿童超重和肥胖检出率分别为10.57％和10.18％.多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、不同学校、儿童吃饭速度和儿童出生时体重是超重和肥胖的影响因素（P＜0.05）,男生（OR=2.427,95％ CI：1.444～4.077）、城市学校（OR=2.537,95％ CI：1.578～4.079）、儿童吃饭速度快（OR=2.013,95％ CI：1.183～3.424）、儿童出生时体重越重（OR=3.344,95％ CI：2.098～5.331）则越容易导致超重、肥胖发生.结论 鉴于上述结果,呼吁相关部门重视儿童青少年超重、肥胖的防治,针对儿童肥胖的成因采取行之有效的干预措施.     

合肥市区2～6岁儿童超重和肥胖现况分析

目的了解合肥市区2-6岁儿童超重和肥胖的现况,为制定儿童超重和肥胖的干预策略和措施提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样法,对合肥市区96所幼儿园17 984名儿童进行体格检查,根据WHO标准评价儿童体格发育,用身高别体重评价超重和肥胖,凡身高别体重超过中位数10%-19%者为超重,超过20%为肥胖。运用EpiData 3.1软件建立数据库,SPSS 13.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果在2-6岁儿童中,超重儿童占11.89%,肥胖儿童占5.57%,随着年龄的增长,超重儿童有逐年下降的趋势（χ2趋势=23.068,P〈0.01）;肥胖儿童有逐年上升的趋势（χ2趋势=44.178,P〈0.01）,男童和女童的超重分别为12.32%和11.38%,无显著性差异（χ2趋势=3.740,P=0.053）;肥胖率分别为6.88%和4.01%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=69.629,P〈0.01）;超重＋肥胖儿童随着年龄增长没有增长或下降趋势（χ2趋势=0.007,P=0.936）。超重、轻度肥胖、中度肥胖和重度肥胖儿童的构成比分别为68.11%、20.23%、10.48%和1.18%。公立幼儿园和私立幼儿园超重儿童分别为12.65%和11.67%,无显著性差异（χ2=2.918,P=0.088）;肥胖儿童分别为6.73%和5.23%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=13.575,P〈0.01）。结论合肥市区2-6岁儿童超重和肥胖率比较高,部分超重儿童可能随着年龄的增长变成肥胖儿童;预防儿童肥胖应先预防超重,并且年龄越小越好。     

2011年铜陵市区中小学生生长发育和营养状况分析

目的了解铜陵市区中小学生生长发育和营养现状,为制定学校卫生保健工作的方针政策提供科学依据。方法以38482名铜陵市区中小学生为调查对象,采用身高体重百分位数评价表和身高标准体重法对2011年中小学生健康检查数据资料进行分析。结果从铜陵市中小学生身高和体重发育曲线图上看,男女生身高在lO和17岁时出现2次交叉,体重在15和17岁时出现2次交叉,身高突增峰值的年龄男生为11岁,女生为10岁。2011年铜陵市区中小学生营养不良率、超重率、肥胖率分别为19．4％、11．1％和12．2％。营养不良率高中生高于小学生和初中生,女生高于男生,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;超重率和肥胖率初中生高于小学生和高中生,男生高于女生,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论铜陵市区中小学生生长发育符合一般规律,营养不良和营养过剩同时存在,以营养过剩问题较为突出,应进一步采取有效措施以改善营养,控制肥胖的发生率。防治营养不良重点应放在高中阶段,尤其是女生;防治肥胖重点应放在初中阶段,尤其是男生。     

封闭式精神科病房超重及肥胖精神分裂症患者体质量管理效果分析

目的:探讨体质量管理应用于封闭式精神科病房超重及肥胖精神分裂症患者的效果。方法:选取40例超重或肥胖精神分裂症患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组各20例,对照组给予常规精神科护理,研究组进行体质量管理,比较两组体质量指数(BMI)、体脂百分比(PBF)、腰臀比(WHR)及内脏脂肪面积(VFA)。结果:经3个月体质量管理干预后,研究组BMI、PBF、WHR均有一定降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而两组VFA差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:体质量管理应用于封闭式精神科病房能有效降低超重或肥胖精神分裂症患者BMI、PBF及WHR。     

Prevalence of obesity and systemic hypertension among diabetes mellitus patients attending an out-patient diabetes clinic in a Ghanaian Teaching Hospital

AimsDiabetes Mellitus is now a prevalent disease in both developed and developing countries. Overweight/obesity and hypertension are potential modifiable risk factors for diabetes mellitus and persist during the course of the disease. This study was aimed at reporting the prevalence of overweight/obesity and systemic hypertension and their association to blood glucose levels in persons with diabetes mellitus attending a diabetic clinic in Ghanaian Teaching Hospital.Materials and MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients attending a diabetic clinic at the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Anthropometric variables of age, weight and height were measured with appropriate instruments, computed into BMI and classified according to WHO classifications. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured by an appropriate instrument and classified by WHO standards. Fasting plasma glucose levels of the study participants were recorded from their personal health folder. All data was analysed by GraphPad prism version 5.ResultsIn general, 7.0% of the participants were underweight and 32.0% were overweight or obese. The mean ± SD weight, height and BMI of the participants were 67.53 ± 13.32, 1.68 ± 0.12 and 24.18 ± 5.32. Twenty-one percent of the studied participants were hypertensive. Mean ± SD fasting plasma glucose of 7.94 ± 2.82 was observed among the diabetic patients. As the prevalence of hyperglycaemia was higher among patients aged ≤40 years (88.9% vs. 75.8%), normoglycaemia (11.1% vs. 24.2%) was higher among those over 40 years. The differences were not significant. The prevalence of hyperglycaemia was significantly higher in participants with overweight/obese (0.0% vs. 41.6%, p < 0.0001) than those with underweight (26.1% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.0005) and normal weight (73.9% vs. 57.1%, p = 0.2228).ConclusionA high prevalence of overweight/obesity and systemic hypertension was found. Hyperglycaemia was more prevalent among overweight/obese participants.     

喂养方式和早期BMI增量对1岁婴幼儿超重与肥胖的预测作用

目的探讨喂养方式和早期BMI增量与1岁婴幼儿超重和肥胖的关联。方法选取出生日期在2012年1-6月,定期进行儿童保健检查的婴幼儿作为研究对象,分别在出生、3个月、6个月、12个月对身高、体重进行测量,同时在《儿童保健管理健康检查表》上记录社会人口统计学和喂养情况等信息。最终,有完整资料的共1 113份,其中男孩590名,女孩523名。使用χ2检验、t检验、方差分析和多因素Logistic回归模型对数据进行分析。结果 1岁婴儿超重和肥胖的发生率分别为22.80%和6.20%。巨大儿、父母文化程度高、人工喂养、0-3个月和3-6个月BMI增量大的1岁超重和肥胖的检出率较高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。控制了多种混杂因素后,多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示,4个月内纯母乳喂养是1岁时婴儿超重和肥胖的保护因素（OR=0.62,95%CI：0.42-0.92）,较大的0-3个月BMI增量（OR=1.52,95%CI：1.39-1.67）和3-6个月BMI增量（OR=1.43,95%CI：1.27-1.61）是1岁婴儿超重和肥胖发生的危险因素。结论纯母乳喂养对婴幼儿超重及肥胖的发生有保护作用,而早期快速的增长是其危险因素。     

大学生超重与偏瘦群体肠道菌群分布特点分析

目的：探讨超重与偏瘦大学生群体肠道菌群分布是否存在差别,探索两个群体肠道菌群微生态分布特点。方法以 BMI≥24（超重）及 BMI≤18.5（偏瘦）的青岛大学学生为研究对象,用无菌肛试子采集自然排出的新鲜粪便,低速离心后1∶8稀释进行推片行革兰染色,选择菌膜体尾交界染色均匀处3个视野油镜镜检细菌总数、形态特点和各类菌组成比例,通过粪便涂片中细菌总数、革兰阳性杆菌、阴性杆菌、阳性球菌、阴性球菌的比率进行粪便菌群分析。结果超重群体革兰阳性菌比例小于偏瘦群体分别为62.46%和68.44%;超重群体的球菌/杆菌比值为2.66,偏瘦群体球菌/杆菌比值为4.83;超重群体和偏瘦群体球菌 G（＋）/G（-）比值分别为1.81和2.00;杆菌中G（＋）/G（-）比值分别为1.41和2.45。结论大学生超重与偏瘦群体肠道菌群存在一定差异。     

Slower Eating Speed Lowers Energy Intake in Normal-Weight but not Overweight/Obese Subjects

BackgroundThe effect of eating speed on energy intake by weight status is unclear.ObjectiveTo examine whether the effect of eating speed on energy intake is the same in normal-weight and overweight/obese subjects.DesignThe effect of slow and fast eating speed on meal energy intake was assessed in a randomized crossover design.Participants/settingThirty-five normal-weight (aged 33.3±12.5 years; 14 women and 21 men) subjects and 35 overweight/obese (44.1±13.0 years; 22 women and 13 men) subjects were studied on 2 days during lunch in a metabolic kitchen.InterventionThe subjects consumed the same meal, ad libitum, but at different speeds during the two eating conditions. The weight and energy content of the food consumed was assessed. Perceived hunger and fullness were assessed at specific times using visual analog scales.Statistical analysesEffect of eating speed on ad libitum energy intake, eating rate (energy intake/meal duration), energy density (energy intake per gram of food and water consumed), and satiety were assessed by mixed-model repeated measures analysis.ResultsMeal energy intake was significantly lower in the normal-weight (804.5±438.9 vs 892.6±330.2 kcal; P=0.04) but not the overweight/obese (667.3±304.1 vs 724.8±355.5 kcal; P=0.18) subjects during the slow vs the fast eating condition. Both groups had lower meal energy density (P=0.005 and P=0.001, respectively) and eating rate (P<0.0001 in both groups) during the slow vs the fast eating condition. Both groups reported less hunger (P=0.01 and P=0.03, respectively), and the normal-weight subjects reported more fullness (P=0.02) at 60 minutes after the meal began during the slow compared with the fast eating condition. There was no eating speed by weight status interaction for any of the variables.ConclusionsEating slowly significantly lowered meal energy intake in the normal-weight but not in the overweight/obese group. It lowered eating rate and energy density in both groups. Eating slowly led to lower hunger ratings in both groups and increased fullness ratings in the normal-weight group at 60 minutes from when the meal began.     

不同年龄女性超重和肥胖与动脉僵硬度的相关性研究

目的 探讨女性人群不同体重与臂踝脉搏波速度（baPWV）的关系,评估超重和肥胖女性人群的高动脉僵硬度风险.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,于201 1年3至12月在苏州、无锡、常州地区抽取年龄≥20岁的常住女性人群2 921名.进行问卷调查、人体测量和baPWV检测,用baPWV评估动脉僵硬度.采用Logisitic多元回归模型分析体质指数（BMI）等级变量对高动脉僵硬度的影响;通过受试者工作（ROC）曲线分析BMI对高动脉僵硬度的预测价值.结果 高动脉僵硬度率超重组（37.87％）和肥胖组（47.60％）均高于体重正常组（16.95％）,差异有统计学意义（x2=205.97,P均＜0.01）;BMI与baPWV呈正相关（r=0.310,P＜0.01）.高动脉僵硬度率65岁以上组（79.08％）高于20～40岁组（4.04％）和41～64岁组（24.96％）,差异有统计学意义（x2值分别为677.30和347.26,P均＜0.01）.20～40岁组和41～64岁组超重和肥胖女性的高动脉僵硬度率高于体重正常组,差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.01）.单因素分析显示年龄、静息心率、收缩压、舒张压均与高动脉僵硬度相关（P均＜0.01）.调整年龄、静息心率和血压后,多因素Logisitic回归分析显示以体重正常组为对照,超重组高动脉僵硬度的OR值为2.017（95％CI：1.637～2.486,P＜0.01）,肥胖组高动脉僵硬度的OR值为2.759（95％CI：1.964～3.876,P＜0.01）.BMI预测女性人群高动脉僵硬度的ROC曲线下面积为0.693 （95％CI：0.671～0.715,P＜0.01）,最佳预测切点为23.42 kg/m2.结论 超重和肥胖是女性人群高动脉僵硬度的危险因素,BMI对女性人群高动脉僵硬度的预测界值为23.42 kg/m2.     

Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus in women with twin pregnancy in South Korea

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women with twin pregnancy in South Korea.Materials and methodsWe performed a single-center, retrospective cohort study involving 1028 women with twin pregnancy from January 2006 to December 2018 in South Korea. Pregnancies with monoamnionic twins, twin–twin transfusion syndrome, fetal death in utero before 24 weeks, pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, and unknown BMI or GDM status were excluded. Subjects were grouped into four groups based on pre-pregnancy BMI: underweight (<18.5 kg/m²), normal (18.5–22.9 kg/m²), overweight (23.0–24.9 kg/m²), and obese (≥25.0 kg/m²).ResultsAmong 1028 women who were included in the analysis, 169 (16.4%), 655 (63.7%), 111 (10.8%), and 93 (9.0%) women were underweight, normal, overweight, and obese, respectively, before pregnancy. The incidence of GDM was 8.9% in the total study population: 4.7%, 8.2%, 11.7%, and 17.2% in the underweight, normal, overweight, and obese group, respectively (p = 0.005). The incidence of GDM significantly increased according to the increase in pre-pregnancy BMI (p < 0.001). Women in the obese group were more likely to be affected by GDM compared to the normal group (adjusted odds ratio = 2.20, 95% confidence interval = 1.19–4.08) after controlling for maternal age, parity, type of conception, and chorionicity.ConclusionIn twin pregnancies in South Korea, the risk of GDM increased as maternal pre-pregnancy BMI increased and obese women before pregnancy were more likely to be affected by GDM.