Differentiating between orchiectomized rats and controls using measurements of trabecular bone density: A comparison among DXA,Histomorphometry, and peripheral quantitative computerized tomography

In studies of rat bone metabolism, trabecular bone density should be measured. Three established methods of measuring trabecular bone include trabecular bone volume by histomorphometry (BV/TV%), trabecular bone density by peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT), and areal bone density of trabecular-rich regions by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We compared the ability of these three methods to discriminate between orchiectomized (orchidectomized) rats and controls. Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (400–425 g) were orchiectomized, and 16 others were controls. In vivo spine bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the beginning of the study and again after 11 weeks. Rats were sacrificed, and ex vivo BMDs of the right femur and tibia were measured by DXA, followed by trabecular bone density of the right proximal tibia by pQCT. BV/TV% of the left proximal tibia was measured by histomorphometry. Differences between groups were detected by all three methods, but both the magnitude of the difference between groups and the variance of the measurements was much greater for histomorphometry and pQCT than for DXA. Consequently, the statistical significance for the difference between groups was comparable for all three methods. Of the sites measured with DXA, the proximal tibia had the greatest statistical significance for the difference between groups. In summary, all three methods can demonstrate the effect of orchiectomy on trabecular bone. The large differences between groups seen by histomorphometry are also seen by pQCT but not by DXA. We conclude that trabecular bone density by pQCT may be a reasonable surrogate for measurements by histomorphometry.Portions of the data presented here were presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Kansas City, Missouri, September 30-September 9–13, 1994.     

完全性雄激素不敏感综合征合并膀胱瘘1例报道及文献回顾

雄激素不敏感综合征（androgen insensitivity syndrome,AIS）是一种罕见遗传病。由于雄激素受体（androgen receptor,AR）基因的突变导致其对雄激素产生抵抗及不应答,男性生殖系统出现不同程度异常发育并呈现出女性表型。手术切除隐睾及不同类型成形术可纠正畸形,激素替代治疗也是术后康复的关键。本文报告1例43岁患者,社会性别为女性,初因反复腹水及间断腹痛原因待查收入消化内科。体格检查、超声、核型分析、激素水平等检验检查符合完全性AIS。转入泌尿外科行隐睾切除术,术中发现膀胱顶壁紧邻脐中韧带与膀胱交界处有一瘘道,遂明确腹水原因,予切除并送病理。病理结果提示睾丸组织Sertoli细胞腺瘤及Leydig细胞巢状增生,膀胱瘘口周围组织非典型增生。出院后予雌激素替代治疗。睾丸切除术后雄激素合成障碍导致促性腺激素、雌孕激素水平发生变化,后续雌激素替代治疗联合心理辅导可稳定激素水平并提高生活质量。患者有可疑家族史,系谱图分析为X连锁隐性遗传,但尚不能明确。对于膀胱顶壁瘘的成因本文提出3种假说：直接手术损伤、癌症局部复发以及脐尿管异常发育,但脐尿管发育异常与本病是否存在相关性仍需进一步研究。     

康士得联合睾丸切除治疗晚期前列腺癌

目的 :观察康士得治疗晚期前列腺癌 (PCa)的疗效。方法 :应用康士得联合睾丸切除治疗晚期PCa和缓退瘤抵抗患者。结果 :① 10例原发PCa治疗 3个月 ,血清前列腺特异抗原 (PSA)降至 (4 .6 7± 2 .5 8) μg/L ,与治疗前比较差异有极显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。其中 8例完全降至正常 ,2例下降 >90 %。患者临床症状均改善 ,前列腺体积明显缩小 (P <0 .0 1)。治疗 12～ 18个月 ,无一例出现PSA反跳。② 2例缓退瘤抵抗患者 ,改服康士得后 ,PSA最大降幅分别为 76 %和 81% ,显示对继续阻断雄激素依然有效。结论 :康士得联合睾丸切除治疗晚期PCa有较好疗效。     

Evaluation of cold ischemia for preservation of testicular function during partial orchiectomy in the rat model

ObjectiveWe hypothesized that cold ischemia during partial orchiectomy would lead to higher serum testosterone levels and preservation of testicular architecture than warm ischemia in a prepubescent rat model.Materials and methodsEighteen prepubescent male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized to three different surgical groups: sham surgery, bilateral partial orchiectomy with 30 min of cord compression with cold ischemia, or bilateral partial orchiectomy with 30 min of cord compression with warm ischemia. Animals were killed at puberty, and serum, sperm, and testicles were collected. Histological tissue injury was graded by standardized methodology.ResultsMean serum testosterone levels were 1445 ± 590 pg/mL for the sham group, 449 ± 268 pg/mL for the cold ischemia group and 879 ± 631 pg/mL for the warm ischemia group (p = 0.12). Mean sperm counts were 2.1 × 10⁷ for sham, 4.4 × 10⁶ for cold ischemia, and 9.9 × 10⁶ for the warm ischemia groups (p = 0.48). Histological evaluation revealed significant difference in tissue injury grading with more injury in the cold ischemia than in the warm ischemia group (p = 0.01).ConclusionsIn our preclinical rat model, we found no benefit for cold ischemia over warm ischemia at 30 min.     

补骨胶囊与羟乙磷酸钠比较对去睾丸大鼠骨代谢的影响

目的通过骨组织形态计量学方法观察和比较中药补骨胶囊与西药羟乙膦酸钠对去睾丸(ORX)大鼠骨代谢的影响。方法40只3月半龄SD雄性大鼠,随机分成年龄对照组、ORX组、ORX分别加羟乙膦酸钠和补骨胶囊组。前两组每日生理盐水,羟乙膦酸钠组药物按36mg/kg.d,补骨胶囊用药组按5mL/kg.d(330g/kg),共灌胃90d。实验结束,取胫骨近心端进行不脱钙骨制片进行骨组织形态计量学分析。结果ORX组骨小梁面积百分率(%Tb.Ar)比对照组降低(-50.7%,P<0.05),代表骨形成和骨吸收的参数值均显著增加。与ORX组相比,羟乙膦酸钠组%Tb.Ar增加( 86.1%,P<0.05),补骨胶囊组%Tb.Ar增加( 54.0%,P<0.05),代表骨形成和骨吸收的参数值均降低,两组间差异无显著性。结论羟乙膦酸钠和补骨胶囊均能防止ORX大鼠造成的骨量丢失,两者的效果相当,选用中药副作用小。     

Prostate cancer in the senior men from rural areas in east district of China: contemporary management and 5-year outcomes at multi-institutional collaboration

Objective

Prostate cancer is an underreported and emerging problem in China. Here we summarize the data for Chinese patients with prostate cancer (PCa), describe available treatment options, and report 5-year outcomes at multiple tertiary care institutions.

Patients and methods

A series of 1611 patients (mean age 76.51 years) diagnosed with PCa were enrolled. Survival rates for patients were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors for disease-specific survival were analyzed using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

Seven hundreds and thirty-two patients with a prostate tumor clinical stage of III or IV and 879 with a tumor clinical stage of I or II were diagnosed. The disease-specific survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 94.6%, 81.3% and 72.6%, respectively. Five-year disease-specific survival rates were 99.2% for patients with low clinical stage PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy, 76.5% for those who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate plus hormone therapy, 38% for those who received hormone therapy plus radiation therapy and 29% for those that received hormone therapy alone.

Conclusions

In keeping with a lack of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening, Chinese men present later in life and course of their disease, with over 27% men dying of PCa at five years. Debulking of tumors by surgery and radiation therapy for high grade tumor may provide some survival benefit in the senior men but further study is required to validate these findings. It is important of the annual use of PSA test for men over 50 years old to detect the PCa in the early stage in this nation.     

Burned-out tumor of the testis presenting as supraclavicular lymphadenopathy

Burned-out tumor of the testis is a rare clinical entity. It generally presents with metastases and is nonpalpable in testicular palpation. We present a case of testicular burned-out tumor having supraclavicular and retroperitoneal lymph node metastases. Imaging findings of such tumors have insufficiently been documented in radiology literature. Scrotal sonography is crucial in detecting the regressed tumors especially in patients with extragonadal metastasis of a testicular primary.