洛阳市汉族老人龚氏非文字智力测验常模的制订

目的 :建立龚氏非文字智力测验 (GNIT) 5 6岁以上汉族正常老人区域性常模。方法 :分层取样 ,按年龄、性别、地域、文化程度和职业等变量来分层。抽取河南洛阳市的 5 6～ 10 1岁老年人 14 6 0名。男女接近各半 ,分成 8个年龄组。分三种常模 ,即原始分、离差量表分和离差标准分。结果 :4 0名老人相隔 1～ 2周进行重测 ,各分测验原始分重测相关系数为 0 .5 9～ 0 .89,总原始分重测相关系数为 0 .83;各分测验原始分两两相关系数为 0 .35～ 0 .6 3;5 0名老人在本测验的标准分与我国修订的韦氏成人智力量 (WAIC -RC)的VIQ ,PIQ和FIQ的相关系数分别为 0 .4 3,0 .5 1和 0 .5 4。结论 :本测验在汉族老人中的信效度比较满意。本测验是测量汉族老人智力的有效手段之一     

聋童与正常儿童智力比较研究

取聋童和正常听力儿童各３２人，年龄１０～１２岁，按年龄、性别、城乡、父母教育程度、职业进行１：１匹配。智力测验采用聋人智力量表（ＴｈｅＩｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅＳｃａｌｅｆｏｒｔｈｅＤｅａｆ，简称ＩＳＦＤ）。结果显示聋童智商为１０７，低于正常儿童（ＩＱ＝１１５），但差异不显著；在分测验中，聋童的分类、接龙和编码成绩显著低于正常儿童，其它分测验两组无显著差异。结果提示：（１）聋童的非言语智力水平与正常儿童相近；（２）聋童在抽象思维、眼—手协调和运动速度方面不及正常儿童；（３）城乡差别、父母教育程度等对聋童智力的发展有明显的影响。     

When emotion and expression diverge: The social costs of Parkinson’s disease

Introduction: Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are perceived more negatively than their healthy peers, yet it remains unclear what factors contribute to this negative social perception. Method: Based on a cohort of 17 PD patients and 20 healthy controls, we assessed how naïve raters judge the emotion and emotional intensity displayed in dynamic facial expressions as adults with and without PD watched emotionally evocative films (Experiment 1), and how age-matched peers naïve to patients’ disease status judge their social desirability along various dimensions from audiovisual stimuli (interview excerpts) recorded after certain films (Experiment 2). Results: In Experiment 1, participants with PD were rated as significantly more facially expressive than healthy controls; moreover, ratings demonstrated that PD patients were routinely mistaken for experiencing a negative emotion, whereas controls were rated as displaying a more positive emotion than they reported feeling. In Experiment 2, results showed that age-peers rated PD patients as significantly less socially desirable than control participants. Specifically, PD patients were rated as less involved, interested, friendly, intelligent, optimistic, attentive, and physically attractive than healthy controls. Conclusions: Taken together, our results point to a disconnect between how PD patients report feeling and attributions that others make about their emotions and social characteristics, underlining significant social challenges of the disease. In particular, changes in the ability to modulate the expression of negative emotions may contribute to the negative social impressions that many PD patients face.     

Physician eye contact and elder patient perceptions of understanding and adherence

Objective

To Examine physician eye contact (EC), patient understanding and adherence.

Methods

Secondary analysis of National Institute of Aging videotapes (N = 52) of physician–elder patients in two visit types: (1) routine (n = 20); (2) anxiety-provoking (n = 32) was conducted. Self-reports of understanding and adherence were used. History-taking segments were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for relationships between EC, understanding and adherence.

Results

Qualitative analysis showed: (1) two salient EC elements – frequency, type (brief or sustained) – and verbal synchronicity were commonly invoked; (2) conjoint unfolding of three communication elements – “looking, listening and talking” – may be salient for patient outcomes; (3) despite differing EC patterns in routine and anxiety provoking visits, statistical analyses showed patient understanding and adherence ratings were similar in the sample population comprising two visit types; no significant correlations between EC elements and understanding and adherence were found.

Conclusions

Salience of EC for patient-centered communication is shown in prior research. Present findings broaden the significance of EC by including verbal synchronicity. Methodological limitations may account for no significant correlations between EC and patient outcomes.

Practice implications

Using suggested framework for operationalizing EC elements, including verbally synchronous communication, may facilitate patient-centeredness and have positive implications for patient understanding and adherence.     

Importance of positive interaction in the initial meeting between plastic surgeons and patients: A survey

The aesthetic plastic surgery patient represents a particularly sensitive and highly demanding client within the whole patient population. There is no doubt that a kind and understanding response to his problems and needs, which are often rather complex, contributes decisively to the establishment of a basis of confidence and it predominantly determines the further course of any interpersonal relationship with the surgeon. A kind response, i.e., positive interaction, signifies the complete acceptance of the patient, both verbally and nonverbally. The surgeon must be all ears to the requests and concerns and must attentively concern himself with all the patient's physical impairments that have grown into a problem. Positive interaction also means assessment and understanding of the patient's personality, including his self-image, his view of reality, and his present condition in order to choose correctly the suitable level of communication. Finally, positive interaction means the precise analysis of the patient's rational and irrational fears and his conceptions and expectations. There must be discussion of his wishes and the therapeutic and surgical possibilities in order to map out an acceptable path of treatment.Presented at the annual meeting of the Austrian Society of Plastic Surgery, 4–6 October 1990, Feldkirch, Austria Address reprint requests to G.M. Beer, M.D., Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Carinagasse 47, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria     

Nonverbal communication in doctor-elderly patient transactions (NDEPT): development of a tool

OBJECTIVE: There are several measurement tools to assess verbal dimensions in clinical encounters; in contrast, there is no established tool to evaluate physical nonverbal dimensions in geriatric encounters. The present paper describes the development of a tool to assess the physical context of exam rooms in doctor-older patient visits. METHOD: Salient features of the tool were derived from the medical literature and systematic observations of videotapes and refined during current research. RESULTS: The tool consists of two main dimensions of exam rooms: (1) physical dimensions comprising static and dynamic attributes that become operational through the spatial configuration and can influence the manifestation of (2) kinesic attributes. CONCLUSION: Details of the coding form and inter-rater reliability are presented. The usefulness of the tool is demonstrated through an analysis of 50 National Institute of Aging videotapes. Physicians in exam rooms with no desk in the interaction, no height difference and optimal interaction distance were observed to have greater eye contact and touch than physicians' in exam rooms with a desk, similar height difference and interaction distance. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The tool can enable physicians to assess the spatial configuration of exam rooms (through Parts A and B) and thus facilitate the structuring of kinesic attributes (Part C).     

Measuring nonverbal behavior in clinical interactions: A pragmatic guide

Objective

Understanding nonverbal behavior is key to the research, teaching, and practice of clinical communication. However, the measurement of nonverbal behavior can be complex and time-intensive. There are many decisions to make and factors to consider when coding nonverbal behaviors.

Cognitive deficit in preschoolers born late-preterm

Background

Late-preterm (LPT) birth accounts for a majority of preterm deliveries and until recently was considered low risk for poor cognitive outcome. Previously, we reported deficits in complicated LPT (cLPT) preschoolers (neonatal intensive care unit [NICU]-admitted).

Aim

To extend our prior study by comparing cognitive outcome in cLPT and uncomplicated LPT (uLPT; NICU non-admitted) preschoolers.

Study design

Single center retrospective cohort study of 118 LPT children born in 2004-2006 at 35-36 weeks of gestation; 90 cLPT and 28 uLPT, compared with 100 term-born (≥ 37 weeks of gestation and ≥ 2500 g) participants.

Outcome measure

A well-standardized measure of general conceptual ability (GCA), the Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition.

Results

cLPT participants had average mean performances but significantly poorer GCA, Nonverbal Reasoning, and Spatial scores than term-born children, and higher rates of Nonverbal Reasoning and Spatial impairment; uLPT did not differ from TERM. Combined LPT males were at eightfold greater risk than term-born males for nonverbal deficit, and at sevenfold greater risk for GCA impairment than LPT females.

Conclusions

Finding greater risk of cognitive deficit in those NICU-admitted due to clinical instability or birth weight < 2 kg compared with non-admitted preschoolers indicates that neonatal morbidities contribute to subtle cognitive deficits detectable at young age, with male gender an additive risk factor. LPT gestational age alone is an insufficient predictor of long-term neurocognitive outcome. Further study should elucidate salient etiologies for early emerging cognitive weaknesses and suggest appropriate interventions to prepare at-risk LPT preschoolers for elementary school entry.     

The Nonverbal Accommodation Analysis System (NAAS): Initial application and evaluation

Objective

To describe the development, initial application, and evaluation of the Nonverbal Accommodation Analysis System (NAAS). Grounded in Communication Accommodation Theory, this coding system provides a method for analyzing physician and patient nonverbal accommodation behaviors within medical consultations.

Methods

Video recordings of 45 new visit consultations at a comprehensive cancer center were coded using the NAAS. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were assessed. For validation purposes, two independent coders rated all consultations for theoretically related constructs.

Results

The NAAS demonstrated high levels of reliability. Statistically significant correlations were observed across all 10 behavior categories for both inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. Evidence of content and construct validity was also observed.

Conclusion

The current study presents the initial application and evaluation of a coding system meant for analysis of the nonverbal behavior of physicians and patients within medical consultations. The results of this initial trial and psychometric evaluation provide evidence of the NAAS as a valid and reliable nonverbal accommodation coding system.

Practice implications

The NAAS enables researchers to investigate the way in which physicians and patients manage social distance through nonverbal behavior within medical interactions from a theoretically-informed perspective. Such efforts can aid in the development of communication skill interventions.