兰州地区呼吸道感染流感嗜血杆菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的 分析近几年兰州地区呼吸道流感嗜血杆菌感染的人群和季节性分布特点及菌体耐药性.方法 收集2011-2013年兰州市第一人民医院住院急性呼吸道感染病人呼吸道标本,共检出流感嗜血杆菌312株.用K-B法检测药敏结果,头孢硝噻吩纸片检测β-内酰胺酶.将药敏结果用Whonet软件进行分析,得出各种药物流感嗜血杆菌耐药率.结果 流感嗜血杆菌的感染呈现以下特点：明显的季节性,流感嗜血杆菌感染主要集中在11月和12月,占全年感染数的50％以上,10岁以下儿童感染者98％集中在11月或12月;成年人感染流感嗜血杆菌,感染患者年龄50岁以上者占91.4％;细菌耐药性特点：65.4％的分离株产3-内酰胺酶、氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢呋辛、头孢他啶、复方新罗明、氯霉素耐药率依次为66.3％叼1.0％、9.2％～22.8％、17.3％～20.1％、2.0％～4.4％、31.6％～51.7％、16.3％～18.4％,头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、亚胺培南和美罗培南尚未发现耐药株.结论 流感嗜血杆菌的感染呈明显的季节性分布,感染人群主要为婴幼儿及老年人,耐药率呈逐年上升趋势.     

流感嗜血杆菌表型和脉冲场凝胶电泳分型研究

目的 应用生物学分型、血清学分型和脉冲场凝胶电泳技术(PFGE)分析临床分离流感嗜血杆菌的表型和分子分型特征,了解流感嗜血杆菌的分子流行病学规律.方法 1988年和2004-2007年期间,成都市儿童医院从患者的下呼吸道分泌物分离培养273株流感嗜血杆菌,菌株的分离培养与鉴定参照美国<临床微生物手册>.菌株的生物学分型和血清学分型分别参照Kilian和Pittman分类法.应用PCR方法对所有的菌株进行荚膜鉴定和血清学分型鉴定.随机选择100株流感嗜血杆菌菌株,应用PFGE技术进行分子分型研究.结果 273株流感嗜血杆菌可分为8个生物型.17.6%(48/273)的菌株为生物型I型,43.6%(119/273)为生物型Ⅱ型,22.7%(62/273)为生物型Ⅲ型,7.3%(20/273)为生物型Ⅳ型,5.9%(16/273)为生物型V型,0.4%(1/273)为生物型Ⅵ型,1.8%(5/273)为生物型Ⅶ型,0.7%(2/273)为生物型Ⅷ型.99.6%(272/273)的菌株为无荚膜的、血清学不可分型的流感嗜血杆菌,1株为血清型f型.100株流感嗜血杆菌经PFGE分析,可分为96个PFGE基因型,93株菌株各自代表一个PFGE基因型.基因型的分布与菌株的分离时间无明显的相关性.结论 引起儿童下呼吸道感染的流感嗜血杆菌主要是无荚膜的、不可分型流感嗜血杆菌菌株,生物型主要是Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型.血清学不可分型流感嗜血杆菌菌株PFGE基因型呈现明显的多态性,菌株的分子多态性可能是流感嗜血杆菌感染在成都市没有形成暴发与流行的分子流行病学原因;PFGE基因分型与生物学分型和血清学分型比较,具有很强的菌株分辨能力,是流感嗜血杆菌感染流行病学研究适用的分析方法.     

嗜血杆菌的分离及耐药性分析

目的了解衡阳市中心医院2010年10月至2011年11月嗜血杆菌的分离率、产酶率,并对其耐药性进行分析,指导临床合理用药,控制嗜血杆菌的流行。方法用嗜血杆菌选择性培养基对来自不同科室的607份临床标本（痰、咽拭子、支气管分泌物）进行分离培养,用卫星现象鉴定流感嗜血杆菌（haemophilus influenzae,Hi）与副流感嗜血杆菌（H.parainfluenzae,Hp）、头孢硝基噻吩纸片进行β-内酰胺酶测定,采用琼脂纸片扩散（K-B）法检测Hi和Hp对10种抗菌药物的耐药性。结果共分离培养出嗜血杆菌136株,检出率为22.4%（136/607）,其中流感嗜血杆菌31株,检出率为5.1%（31/607）,副流感嗜血杆菌105株,检出率为17.3%（105/607）;各科室中以呼吸内科检出率最高,检出率为9.7%（59/607）,其次为儿科和心内科,分别为2.6%、2.8%。136株嗜血杆菌对青霉素普遍耐药,耐药率高达90.4%,对洛美沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率较高,分别是68.4%、48.5%,对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢呋肟的耐药率分别是9.6%、11.8%、22.1%,对四环素类如：四环素、强力霉素的耐药率分别为38.2%、8.8%,对壮观霉素、头孢曲松全部敏感,共检出产β-内酰胺酶菌株32株,产酶率为23.5%（32/136）。结论该院呼吸道嗜血杆菌感染以副流感嗜血杆菌为主,以呼吸内科感染最为严重,其次为儿科和心内科,临床上治疗嗜血杆菌感染的有效药物是头孢曲松、壮观霉素。     

Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis with clindamycin

Summary

Twenty-six patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis requiring admission to hospital were treated with clindamycin 300?mg. or 450?mg. 6-hourly for 10 days to 3 weeks. Four were withdrawn because of side-effects. In 8 of the 22 completing the study, pneumococci were present in the pre-treatment sputum. With treatment, the organism was eradicated within 24 hours and in 5, the sputum became mucoid. All improved clinically although Haemophilus influenzae organisms were isolated at some stage from the sputum of all but one of these patients. Only 1 of the 14 whose sputum yielded predominantly haemophilus without pneumococci achieved sputum conversion, only 5 improved clinically and 3 deteriorated considerably in spite of intensive physiotherapy. Bacteriological eradication of Haemophilus influenzae did not occur when in vitro testing suggested sensitivity.

It is concluded that clindamycin fails to eradicate Haemophilus influenzae from the sputum of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, irrespective of in vitro sensitivity. Its effectiveness in patients with pneumococcal and mixed pneumococcal infections suggests that the pneumococcus may be of primary pathogenic significance in such patients.     

Attendance and vaccination at immunization clinics in rural Gambia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has affected the delivery of essential health services, such as routine immunization. We assessed the impact of the pandemic on the uptake of routine immunization in rural Gambia.MethodsWe collected real-time vaccine administration data in the Basse and Fuladu West Health & Demographic Surveillance Systems from September 01, 2019, to December 31, 2020. We assessed the monthly number of Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) clinic attendances and vaccines administered, comparing data during the baseline period (September 01, 2019–March 31, 2020), COVID-19 interruption period (April 01–June 30, 2020), initial recovery period (Jul 01–September 30, 2020) and the late recovery period (October 01–December 31, 2020).ResultsCompared to the baseline period, there was an overall average monthly decline of 13.4% in EPI attendance and 38.3% reduction in average monthly immunizations during the interruption period. This decrease was particularly noticeable for Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (47.2%), birth dose hepatitis B (Hep B) (46.9%), 1st dose pentavalent (Penta1) (43.1%), 1st dose pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV1) (42.4%), and measles vaccines (15.5%). Comparing the late recovery to baseline period, average monthly EPI attendance was 5.3% higher, with 1.9% increase in average monthly immunizations. Monthly immunizations for BCG were 3.0% greater, 2.5% greater for Hep B, 22.7% greater for oral polio vaccine (OPV1), 2.0% less for Penta1, 19.2% less for Penta2, and 2.6% less for PCV1.ConclusionThe reduced EPI attendance during the pandemic interruption period lasted only 3 months. Significant recovery in EPI attendance occurred during the late recovery period, while rates of monthly immunization returned to pre-pandemic levels for most antigens. EPI programmes should implement strategies to deliver missed antigens when infants do present to EPI clinics, aware that missed doses may be age dependent.     

Carriage of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy Chinese and Vietnamese children in Hong Kong

Nasopharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae was studied in 621 healthy Chinese children and 300 healthy Vietnamese children aged from 2 months to 5 years in Hong Kong. The carriage rate of H, influenzae type b in Vietnamese children was 1.3% (CI 0.04-2.63%); it was zero in Chinese. The carriage rate of non-typable H. influenzae was 5.8% (CI 1.4-7.6%) in Chinese and 65.4% (CI 58.9-69.8%) in Vietnamese. The carriage rates of S. pneumoniae were 10.8% (CI 8.3-13.2%) and 55.7% (CI 50.1-61.3%) in Chinese and Vietnamese children, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to search for factors associated with differences in carriage rates of both H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae between Chinese and Vietnamese children. Although older age, smaller living area and parental smoking were associated with higher carriage rates, these could not explain the remarkably low carriage rates of both bacteria in Chinese children.     

Clinical manifestations and outcome of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease

Objectives: To document clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and outcome of childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections.
Methodology: Medical records of 235 children with Hib disease admitted to hospital during a 2 year period were reviewed; additional information was obtained by questionnaire and follow up 6 weeks after discharge.
Results: Three-quarters of patients presented with either meningitis or epiglottitis. Children with epiglottitis were older, had shorter illnesses and were less likely to have had antibiotics before admission than those with meningitis; 38% of the latter had been given some antibiotic therapy, with no apparent effect on the outcome. Fever persisted for 7 days or more in 23% of patients with meningitis. Death from meningitis occurred in 3.8% of patients and was due to fulminating disease.
Conclusions: These data will assist in recognition and appropriate management of Hib disease as the clinical manifestations become less familiar following the introduction of immunization. Specific laboratory diagnosis is required for accurate surveillance, which should be maintained in order to ensure high immunization rates.