Exposure assessment of Portuguese population to multiple mycotoxins: The human biomonitoring approach

Mycotoxins constitute a relevant group of food contaminants with several associated health outcomes such as estrogenic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and teratogenic effects. Although scarce data are available in Portugal, human biomonitoring studies have been globally developed to assess the exposure to mycotoxins at individual level. In order to overcome this lack of data, the present study concerned the analysis of mycotoxins in 24h urine and first-morning urine paired samples from 94 participants enrolled within the scope of the National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese General Population (2015–2016). Following a salt-assisted matrix extraction, urine samples were analysed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of 37 urinary mycotoxins’ biomarkers and data obtained used to estimate the probable daily intake as well as the risk characterization applying the Hazard Quotient approach. Results revealed the exposure of Portuguese population to zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, alternariol, citrinin and fumonisin B₁ through the quantification in 24h urine and first-morning urine paired samples. Risk characterization data revealed a potential concern to some reported mycotoxins since the reference intake values were exceeded by some of the considered participants. Alternariol was identified for the first time in urine samples from a European country; however, risk characterization was not performed due to lack of reference intake value. These results confirmed mycotoxins as part of the human exposome of the Portuguese population reinforcing the need for further studies regarding the determinants of exposure.     

中药中真菌毒素污染问题

通过搜集有关文献报道。综述了常见真菌毒素（黄曲霉素、赭曲霉素、展青霉素、伏马菌素、玉米赤霉烯嗣）的理化性质、对人体的危害、限量标准、在植物药中的分布情况以及检测方法,指出了中药也应注意真菌毒素的污染,并建议中药也应参照食品建立常见真菌毒素的检测方法与限量标准。     

Morphological and hematological changes in young turkey poults acutely exposed to cyclopiazonic acid

This study characterized morphological changes, further evaluating previously observed gross changes and dehydration () associated with oral administration of CPA to turkey poults. Poults were dosed with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) at 0, 5, or 10?mg CPA/kg/d orally for 2 days. CPA effects on feed and water intake, hematological values, histology, and cardiac papillary muscle ultrastructure were evaluated. Poults given 10?mg CPA/kg/d had significantly (P?<?0.05) decreased body weight, feed consumption, and water intake at 24 and 48?h. Turkeys administered CPA at 10?mg/kg had significant hematological changes, including leukocytosis, heterophilia, and lymphocytosis. Histopathologic changes consisting of mucofibrinous necrotizing proventriculitis and ventriculitis, multifocal ulcerative enteritis, and mild multifocal granulomatous hepatitis occurred in all poults dosed with 10?mg CPA/kg/d. This study confirmed CPA toxicity in turkeys, exploring a lower dose range of this mycotoxin in a commercially important food species.     

丁烯酸内酯对心肌细胞Ca^2＋通道的阻滞作用

采用贴附式膜片钳技术，在培养的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠单个心肌细胞上记录丁烯酸内酯对Ｂ，Ｌ，Ｔ３型Ｃａ２＋通道单通道电活动的影响。结果表明，丁烯酸内酯浓度为３００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１时，心肌细胞Ｂ，Ｌ，Ｔ３型Ｃａ２＋通道均受到明显的阻滞，其阻滞作用表现在使Ｂ，Ｌ，Ｔ３型Ｃａ２＋通道的开放时间分别缩短４６６％，５０５％和１５３％，关闭时间分别延长３０５％，３２２％和３２８％，使通道的开放概率分别下降５６８％，６１５％和３５０％。而对流过Ｂ，Ｌ，Ｔ３型Ｃａ２＋通道的Ｂａ２＋流幅值均无明显影响。     

固相净化结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定九香虫及其成方制剂中10种真菌毒素

摘 要 目的：建立一种采用固相净化结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UHPLC-MS）同时测定九香虫及其3种成方制剂中10种真菌毒素的方法。方法：样品经乙腈-水-甲酸（84∶15.9∶0.1）提取，MFC100固相净化柱净化，采用UHPLC-MS在多反应监测（MRM）模式下进行测定，外标法定量。结果：10种真菌毒素的含量在各自质量浓度范围内具有较好的线性关系（r > 0.999），目标化合物在低、中、高3个质量浓度下的平均回收率为62.3% ~ 106.6%（RSD < 10%），定量限（LOQ）为0.17 ~ 88.04 μg·kg-1。结论：该法前处理步骤简便，净化效果良好，灵敏度高，准确性好，适合于九香虫及其成方制剂中10种真菌毒素的测定。     

Ecology and Population Biology of Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Soil

Soil serves as a reservoir for Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, fungi that produce carcinogenic aflatoxins in agricultural commodities. Populations in soil are genetically diverse and individual genotypes show a clustered distribution pattern within fields. Surveys over large geographic regions suggest that climate and crop composition influence species density and aflatoxin‐producing potential. Aflatoxigenic fungi reside in soil as conidia, sclerotia and hyphae, which act as primary inocula for directly infecting peanuts or for infecting aerial crops (corn, cottonseed, tree nuts) through wind and insect dispersal. Infected crops periodically replenish soil populations during drought years.     

互隔交链孢霉毒素对人胚肺2BS细胞DNA的损伤作用及维胺酸Ⅲ号的抑制作用

本文应用碱性洗脱-荧光分析法对互隔交链孢酶产生的两种主要毒素——交链孢酚单甲醚(AME)和交链孢酚(AOH)引起人胚肺2BS细胞DNA单链断裂效应进行了探讨。实验结果表明,AME和AOH都能导致2BS细胞DNA单链断裂,并有剂量依赖性,与溶剂对照相比,DNA在滤膜上的存留比明显降低,如洗脱6小时对照组的存留比为0.87±0.02,AME浓度为10,25,50,100μg/ml时分别为0.57±0.04、0.45±0.02、0.30±0.02、0.18±0.01,AOH浓度为0.1、1、5、10μg/ml时分别为0.68±0.03、0.54±0.01、0.47±0.03、0.34±0.01,统计学分析均有显著意义(P<0.01)。本实验还用同样的方法检测了维胺酸Ⅲ号(RⅢ)对AME和AOH所致的DNA单链断裂的抑制作用。