鲍氏不动杆菌致呼吸机相关性肺炎54例分析

目的探讨鲍氏不动杆菌致呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的临床特点,为预防其发生及其临床治疗提供依据. 方法对2000年7月～2003年12月入院,机械通气48 h后出现肺部感染的患者采用封闭式一次性吸痰进行痰培养;在检到鲍氏不动杆菌后采用生物梅里埃微生物分析系统(Bio-Merieux VITEK32)进行鉴定,按美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)1999年的判断标准,用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验. 结果本组鲍氏不动杆菌所致VAP发生的平均时间为(100.1±56.9) h,发热、痰多明显,胸水多见,肺部X线表现呈多样性;125株鲍氏不动杆菌(100%)为多重耐药,仅加酶抑制剂的抗菌药物、第四代头孢菌素和亚胺培南/西司他丁对鲍氏不动杆菌有较高的敏感性,其中以亚胺培南/西司他丁耐药率最低(4.8%);对33株鲍氏不动杆菌进行超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测,其中57.6%ESBLs( );混合感染40.1%,混合感染较单纯感染所致的VAP病死率更高(P<0.01);尽早拔除气管导管可以使大部分患者的感染得到控制. 结论鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性突出,耐药严重与该菌产酶有关;鲍氏不动杆菌所致的VAP混合感染多见,病死率高应引起重视;感染后尽早拔除气管导管、合理使用抗生素,可以提高治愈率.     

红霉素联合阿奇霉素短程治疗小儿支原体肺炎临床分析

目的探讨红霉素联合阿奇霉素短程治疗和红霉素、阿奇霉素常规治疗小儿支原体肺炎是否疗效相同;并作安全性比较.方法将56例患儿随机分为两组,对照组26例,观察组30例,并记录症状、体征及胸部X线、肝功能变化.结果两组治疗3 d后,症状均明显好转,且2周后复查X线阴影基本吸收,疗效无差异.结论红霉素联合阿奇霉素短程治疗与常规治疗疗效无差异,安全性相同.但前者可减少用药频率,缩短住院时间.     

Severe Pneumonia Caused by Corynebacterium striatum in Adults,Seoul, South Korea, 2014–2019

We investigated the proportion and characteristics of severe Corynebacterium striatum pneumonia in South Korea during 2014–2019. As part of an ongoing observational study of severe pneumonia among adult patients, we identified 27 severe C. striatum pneumonia cases. Most (70.4%) cases were hospital-acquired, and 51.9% of patients were immunocompromised. C. striatum cases among patients with severe hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) increased from 1.0% (2/200) during 2014–2015 to 5.4% (10/185) during 2018–2019, but methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections among severe HAP cases decreased from 12.0% to 2.7% during the same timeframe. During 2018–2019, C. striatum was responsible for 13.3% of severe HAP cases from which bacterial pathogens were identified. The 90-day mortality rates were similarly high in the C. striatum and MRSA groups. C. striatum was a major cause of severe HAP and had high mortality rates. This pathogen is emerging as a possible cause for severe pneumonia, especially among immunocompromised patients.     

Serologically indicated pneumococcal pneumonia in children: a population-based study in primary care settings

The aim of the study was to assess age-specific incidences of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and diagnosed serologically in a child population. The study was population-based, and prospective, and performed in primary health care settings. During a surveillance period of 12 months from 1981-1982, all pneumonia cases in a defined child population (57% urban residents) were registered prospectively. In total, 201 CAP cases were diagnosed (mean age 5.6 years; 57% boys; 58% urban residents). S. pneumoniae etiology was studied by antibody and immune complex (IC) assays to C-polysacchride (C-PS), type-specific capsular polysaccharides (CPS), and to pneumolysin (Ply), in acute and convalescent sera. Serologic evidence of S. pneumoniae etiology was indicated in 57(28%) cases, 35(61%) being mixed infections with other microbes. The distribution of pneumococcal cases was 44%, 30% and 26% in the three 5-year age groups, respectively. There were 33 (58%) males and 34 (60%) urban residents. In total, 26 cases were identified by antibody assays and 35 cases by IC assays, 26/35 being positive in acute sera. Responses to C-PS, CPS and Ply, when antibody and IC results are combined, were found equally often in 23-25 cases. The total annual incidence of pediatric S. pneumoniae CAP was 6.4/1000/year. S. pneumoniae etiology was found in 28% of the children and was similar at all ages. The incidence of pneumococcal CAP was assessed for the first time, being high (19/1000/year) in 0- to 4-year-old urban boys and rather stable (5-9/1000/year) in all other groups by age, sex and residence.     

血清降钙素原在指导抗生素治疗儿童下呼吸道感染中的价值

目的评估血清降钙素原(PCT)在指导下呼吸道感染(LRTI)患儿抗生素使用中的价值。方法采用前瞻性随机病例对照研究,选取潍坊市妇幼保健院就诊的LRTI患儿396例,随机分为血清PCT指导抗生素治疗组(PCT组)和临床指导标准治疗组(对照组)。并按照是否为社区获得性肺炎(CAP)进行亚组分析。治疗后观察14 d,比较组间抗生素的使用率、抗生素使用时间、不良反应发生情况等。结果 PCT组和对照组分别入选198例患儿,两组中CAP患儿分别为125例和123例。PCT组抗生素使用时间显著低于对照组(PPP结论应用血清PCT指导LRTI患儿抗生素的使用可缩短抗生素使用时间。     

肺炎支原体流行株基因分型研究

目的了解肺炎支原体(MP)感染患儿MP流行株基因分型及其流行趋势变化。方法采集2012年2月至2013年12月住院MP感染患儿的鼻咽分泌物,采用基于MP P1基因的巢式PCR及多重PCR方法进行MP基因亚型的监测,并分析其流行趋势。结果在313例标本中检出P1-I型304例(97.12%),P1-II型8例(2.56%),V2型变异株1例(0.32%),基因测序结果与巢式多重PCR结果相符合。结论巢式多重PCR方法能够直接有效地对MP进行P1基因分型,研究期间MP感染株以P1-I型为主,发现1例V2变异株。     

Chemerin在婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎中的调节作用

目的探讨趋化蛋白chemerin在呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)肺炎中的临床意义。方法入选RSV肺炎患儿82例,其中轻症65例,重症17例;对照组儿童40例。ELISA法检测并比较各组血清chemerin、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、细胞因子(IL-17)、IL-10及转化生长因子(TGF-β)水平。结果 RSV肺炎轻症组、重症组和对照组的血清chemerin水平分别为(539.98±65.86)pg/ml、(786.62±82.59)pg/ml和(337.24±43.37)pg/ml,差异有统计学意义(F=150.29,P=0.000);重症组血清chemerin水平分别高于轻症组和对照组,轻症组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。三组间TNF-α、IL-17、IL-10和TGF-β水平的差异均有统计学意义(F=46.80~284.36,P均0.05)。RSV肺炎患儿的血清chemerin水平与TNF-α、IL-17水平均呈显著正相关(r=0.81、0.61,P均0.05),而与IL-10、TGF-β则呈显著负相关(r=–0.80、–0.75,P均0.05)。结论 RSV肺炎患儿血清chemerin水平升高,与炎症程度相关,并与促炎细胞因子水平正相关;chemerin可能在RSV感染中发挥重要的调节作用。     

Antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharides in pneumonia and response to pneumococcal vaccination in young children in Papua New Guinea.

Antibodies against pneumococcal polysaccharides were measured by ELISA in Papua New Guinean children with pneumonia aged 0-14 months, in age-matched healthy Papua New Guinean controls and in healthy expatriate children living in Papua New Guinea. At 0-5 months of age, the IgG antibody titres against six of the eight polysaccharides measured were significantly lower in pneumonia patients than in both control groups. Antibody titres in 6-14-month-old Papua New Guinean controls were significantly lower than in control Papua New Guineans aged 0-5 months for five of the eight polysaccharides tested. In the 6-14-months age group the antibody titre was significantly lower in pneumonia patients than in controls for only one polysaccharide. For seven of the eight serotypes tested, antibody levels in expatriate controls did not decline with age. Antibody responses of Papua New Guinean children aged 6-18 months to a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine were serotype dependent. Fold increases in response to the vaccine were greatest for the IgA isotype. IgG antibody responses were greater than three fold to four of the eight serotypes tested.     

疱疹病毒抗体阳性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿免疫状况及临床特征

目的探讨疱疹病毒抗体阳性的肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)患儿免疫状况及临床特征。方法回顾分析2015年1月—2017年5月收治的360例2个月～16岁因MPP住院的患儿临床资料,以EB病毒(EBV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)任一疱疹病毒IgM抗体阳性的162例患儿为抗体阳性组,另198例EBV、CMV、HSV抗体均阴性的患儿作为对照组,两组进行分析比较。结果 360例MPP患儿中男188例、女172例,合并疱疹病毒IgM抗体阳性162例,其中EBV IgM阳性97例,阳性率26.9%;CMV IgM阳性39例,阳性率10.8%;HSV IgM阳性97例,阳性率26.9%。所有患儿均未予抗病毒治疗,经治疗症状缓解好转出院。抗体阳性组重症MPP、大叶性实变、并发呼吸衰竭的比例均高于对照组,血清IgM、CD~(4+)T细胞、CD~(8+)T细胞、淋巴细胞、NK细胞、白细胞计数、乳酸脱氢酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶均高于对照组,大环内酯类抗生素使用时间长于对照组,使用激素率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。MPP合并2种病毒IgM抗体阳性者的血IgM和三酰甘油水平高于合并1种者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。合并3种病毒IgM抗体阳性者与合并1种者比较,住院时间、发热时间、大环内酯类抗生素使用时间均有延长,血IgM、丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平更高,重症MPP发生率增高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论疱疹病毒IgM抗体阳性MPP患儿的炎症反应强烈,临床症状重,病程长,并发症多,需更长时间的治疗。     

新生儿重症监护病房中重症肺炎多种菌感染相关因素分析

目的分析新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)中重症肺炎新生儿多种菌感染危险因素。方法回顾分析2014年1月至2019年5月收入NICU的1 057例重症细菌肺炎新生儿的临床资料,分析其多种菌感染的危险因素。结果单因素分析显示,胎龄(37周)、出生体质量(2 500 g)、发病日龄(7 d)、羊水污染(Ⅱ、Ⅲ度)、感染类型(医院感染)、住院时间(≥14天)、机械通气、Apagar评分(7分)、胎膜早破、抗菌药物使用天数(≥10天)、更换抗菌药物(≥3种)、联合使用抗菌药物(≥3种)12个因素是NICU中重症肺炎新生儿多种菌感染的危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。多因素分析显示,更换抗菌药物(≥3种)、Apagar评分(7分)、感染类型(医院感染)、机械通气、羊水污染(Ⅱ、Ⅲ度)是NICU中重症肺炎新生儿多种菌感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论临床应针对主要危险因素采取综合防控措施,减少NICU新生儿重症肺炎多种菌感染。