不同致病菌体外对人精子运动参数的影响

目的：为了研究金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和结核杆菌体外对人精子的运动功能有无直接影响。方法：将从临床泌尿生殖系感染病人中分离培养出的金黄色葡萄球菌，表皮葡萄球菌和结核杆菌制成活菌悬液，然后将其在体外与10例健康成年男性手淫获得并经上游优化处理的精子按菌／精比50：1一起孵化0、2和4小时后，采用计算机辅助的精子分析系统检测入精子活率，运动参数（前向性运动百分率、直线速度VCL、曲线速度VSL、平均均路径速度VAP）和精子形态及凝集情况。结果：金黄色葡萄球菌与精子比例为50：1体外孵化0、2和4小时后，人精子活率和运动参数明显降低（P＜0．05）。表皮葡萄球菌和结核杆菌体外对人精子的活率和运动功能则无明显影响。结论：金黄色葡萄球菌与精子的比例为50：1体外孵化4小时内，能显著降低人精子活率和抑制精子运动功能。表皮葡萄球菌和结核杆菌对精子运动功能无直接影响。     

葡萄球菌属对常用抗生素耐药情况调查

目的了解葡萄球菌属,特别是耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)的耐药情况,为临床用药提供参考。方法从2002年1~7月送检的住院病人的血、痰、脓液、分泌物等标本中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌及其他血浆凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌共105株,并进行药敏和多重耐药分析。结果MRS的分离率较高,为68.6%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡葡球菌(MRSA)为69.2%;耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)为63.3%。MRS较非耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MSS)耐药率明显高,且MRS比MSS多重耐药率高得多;MRSA对四种不同作用机制的抗生素:泰能、阿米卡星、环丙沙星、复方新诺明具有很高的多重耐药率,达到50%以上。结论鉴于MRS的高分离率和多重耐药率,在治疗感染性疾病时,应加强病原学检查,提高标本鉴定的阳性率;在有效的治疗MRS感染的同时还应注意遏制MRS的产生。     

盐酸左氧氟沙星眼用即型凝胶治疗兔金黄色葡萄球菌角膜炎

目的 盐酸左氧氟沙星眼用即型凝胶治疗兔金黄色葡萄球菌角膜炎的药效学研究.方法 选取60只双眼均正常的新西兰大白兔,给予左眼角膜基质内注射10μL含105个菌落形成单位(colony-forming unit,CFU)的金黄色葡萄球菌菌液,建立角膜炎动物模型.挑选炎症程度相近的48只兔,采用完全随机设计方法分为4组,即24 h基线组、磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)空白对照组、盐酸左氧氟沙星滴眼液组及盐酸左氧氟沙星眼用即型凝胶组,每组12只.观察24 h基线组兔眼临床炎症情况并评分,观察角膜病理变化及进行细菌菌落计数;其余3组每日治疗3次,至第7天最后一次给药后2h对3组兔的处理同24 h基线组.各组角膜临床炎症评分和角膜细菌菌落计数值比较均使用多个样本均数比较中的完全随机设计资料的方差分析,即F检验.结果 第7天时,相对于PBS空白对照组,盐酸左氧氟沙星滴眼液与盐酸左氧氟沙星眼用即型凝胶均降低角膜炎感染的临床症状(P=0.00),角膜炎临床评分分别为4.21±1.10和3.63±0.86;第7天时,盐酸左氧氟沙星滴眼液组与盐酸左氧氟沙星眼用即型凝胶组兔眼角膜菌落数均降低(P=0.00),角膜菌落计数分别为(4.87±0.05)和(4.64±0.10)CFU,差异有统计学意义(P=0.00).结论 盐酸左氧氟沙星眼用即型凝胶局部给药治疗金黄色葡萄球菌角膜炎可明显改善临床症状、降低角膜菌落数,其作用优于常用的盐酸左氧氟沙星滴眼液,是一种有效的新型眼用制剂.     

我国食品来源金黄色葡萄球菌种群结构分析

目的了解我国食源性金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)的种群结构。方法通过全基因组测序方法对2006-2020年我国16个省份收集的763株食源性金葡菌进行多位点序列分型、葡萄球菌蛋白A编码基因(spa)和葡萄球菌染色体mec基因盒(SCCmec)分型, 使用BioNumerics 7.5软件创建基于ST类型的最小生成树。国外进口食品分离到的金葡菌31株被纳入基因组系统发育树的构建。结果 763株金葡菌共鉴定出90个ST型和160个spa型别, 其中20种为新ST型别。72个(72/90, 80.0%)ST型属于22个克隆群, 其中主要型别为CC7、CC1、CC5、CC398、CC188、CC59、CC6、CC88、CC15和CC25, 占82.44%(629/763)。其中优势克隆群中ST型和spa型别随着时间的变化呈多态性变化。耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)的阳性率为7.60%, 共鉴定出7种SCCmec型别, 以ST59-t437-Ⅳa(17.24%, 10/58)、ST239-t030-Ⅲ(12.07%, 7/58)、ST59-t437-Ⅴb(8.62%, 5/58)、ST338-t437-...     

Efficacy of phytol-derived diterpenoid immunoadjuvants over alum in shaping the murine host's immune response to Staphylococcus aureus

The ubiquitous gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus occupies a unique niche in humans for its ability to survive both as a commensal and a life-threatening pathogen. Its complex relationship with the host and its ability to engender a throng of virulence factors, have hindered the development of a successful vaccine against it. The use of immunoadjuvants to enhance host immunity and prevent the shift from commensalism to pathogenicity is a rational approach for containing infection. The objective of this study was to understand the mechanisms by which alum and two phytol-derived immunoadjuvants, phytanol (PHIS-01) ¹ and phytanyl chloride (PCl) ² shape the interaction between S. aureus and its murine host. We studied the effects of the phytol derivatives, relative to alum, on the induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, recruitment of CD11b⁺ cells, generation of specific anti-S. aureus antibodies and in vitro clearance of S. aureus. Our results showed that both PHIS-01 and PCl were stronger inducers of protective cytokines IL-17 and IL-1β than alum, and far exceeded alum in enhancing anti-S. aureus antibody response. However, both alum and the phytol derivatives (particularly PCl) promoted efficient recruitment of CD11b⁺ cells. Furthermore, PHIS-01, alum and to a lesser extent, PCl were able to up-regulate the expression of key inflammation-related genes that were highly down-regulated by S. aureus alone. In vitro killing assays showed that both PHIS-01 and PCl were far more potent than alum in promoting S. aureus clearance; this indicated their efficiency in shaping an effective anti-S. aureus immune microenvironment. In summary, our study provides evidence for the better effectiveness of phytol-derived immunoadjuvants over alum in enhancing anti-S. aureus immunity.     

Tourniquets: A Review of Current Use with Proposals for Expanded Prehospital Use

Objective. To perform an initial screening study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination in an ambulance fleet. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study of MRSA contamination in an ambulance fleet operating in the western United States in June 2006. Five specific areas within each of 21 ambulances (n = 105) were tested for MRSA contamination using dacron swabs moistened with a 0.85% sterile saline solution. These samples were then plated onto a screening media of mannitol salt agar containing 6.5% NaCl and4 mcg/mL oxacillin. Results. Thirteen samples isolated from 10 of the 21 ambulances (47.6%) in the sample group tested positive for MRSA. Conclusions. The results of this preliminary study suggest that ambulances operating in the emergency medical services (EMS) system may have a significant degree of MRSA contamination andmay represent an important reservoir in the transmission of potentially serious infections to patients.     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying SCCmec type II was more frequent than the Brazilian endemic clone as a cause of nosocomial bacteremia

Fifty consecutive MRSA blood isolates were evaluated: 30(60%) carried SCCmec type II (single PFGE clone; sequence type 5 or ST105); 12 (26%), IV; 5 (10%), III; 3 (6%), I. Brazilian endemic clone, carrying SCCmec type III, has been the main nosocomial clone in Brazil; however, this study showed that a clone carrying type II predominated.