Continuous multiorgan variability analysis to track severity of organ failure in critically ill patients

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of using continuous heart rate variability (HRV) and respiratory rate variability (RRV) monitoring for (a) tracking daily organ dysfunction in critically ill patients and (b) identifying patterns of variability changes during onset of shock and resolution of respiratory failure.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-three critically ill patients experiencing respiratory and/or cardiac failure underwent continuous recording of their electrocardiogram and capnogram (CO₂) waveforms from admission or intubation until discharge (maximum 14 days). HRV and RRV were computed in 5-minute overlapping windows, using Continuous Individualized Multi-organ Variability Analysis software. Multiple organ dysfunction scores were recorded daily. HRV and RRV trajectories were characterized during onset of shock and resolution of respiratory failure.

Results

Both HRV and RRV decreased with increasing severity of multiple organ dysfunction scores for a variety of variability metrics. A decline in several measures of HRV and no decline in RRV were observed before onset of shock (n = 6). In contrast, during resolution of respiratory failure, an increase in RRV was observed in patients who successfully passed extubation (n = 12), with no change in RRV in those who subsequently failed extubation (n = 2).

Conclusions

There is an association between reduced HRV and RRV and increasing organ dysfunction in critically ill patients. The significance of observing trends of decreasing HRV (with onset of shock) and increasing RRV (with resolution of respiratory failure) merits further investigation.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液透析/滤过治疗儿童多器官功能障碍综合征

目的 探讨持续性静脉.静脉血液透析滤过(CVVHD/F)救治儿童严重感染,并评估疗效.方法 对2002年12月至2007年11月上海交通大学附属儿童医院收治的符合脓毒性休克及MODS诊断标准参考按国际脓毒症会议或我国小儿多器官功能衰竭(MOSF)诊断标准的19例脓毒性休克合并多器官功能障碍综合征(MOOS)进行CVVHD/F治疗.观察患儿的血液电解质、血气指标、尿量、血肌酐(Cr)及尿素氮(BUN)、血管活性药物使用、氧合指数等变化和预后.结果 19例患儿平均危重评分为(69.1±10.4)分;平均PRISM Ⅲ(12.66±7.85)分.平均CWHD/F治疗时间为92 h(16 h～480 h).CVVHD/F治疗12～24 h后,成人型呼吸窘迫综合征或肺水肿患儿FiO2/PO2、PCO2、PO2好转(P<0.05),24 h后血液K+、Na+、HCO-3恢复正常水平,48 h后Cr、BUN恢复正常范围.病死率为63.2%.结论 CVVHD/F治疗脓毒性休克合并NODS可以迅速纠正体液电解质紊乱、改善循环功能,清除Cr、BUN,减轻肺水肿、脐水肿等.     

Akute septische Kardiomyopathie

Zum Thema In dieser ausführlichen Arbeit wird eine übersicht über die akute septische Kardiomyopathie und über nicht infekti?se SIRS- (Systemisches Inflammations-Reaktions-Syndrom) Kardiomyopathie gegeben. Dabei werden klinische Gesichtspunkte ebenso berücksichtigt wie pathogenetische Konzepte. Besonders eingehend werden m?gliche Therapiestrategien erl?utert. Insbesondere die Erforschung mediatorabh?ngiger Reaktionen auf zellul?rer Ebene und die Beeintr?chtigung der Mikrozirkulation haben in den letzten Jahren viel zum Verst?ndnis der hier besprochenen Krankheitsbilder beigetragen.     

TLR4在创伤后人外周血单核细胞内的表达变化

目的：研究人体在创伤条件下，外周血单核细胞内内毒素复合受体TLR4mRNA的表达变化，观察它们与临床预后的关系。方法：35例创伤患者(ISS≥9分)和14例正常对照，采用RT-PCR法扩增TLR4，以β肌动蛋白(B-actin)的表达作为内参照，比较TLR4的表达水平；采用鲎试剂法测血浆LPS浓度；ELlSA法检测血浆TNF-α、IL-10，同时观察患者的预后情况。结果：所观察的创伤患者中，血浆LPS浓度均发生不同程度的升高；血浆TNF-α、IL-10升高，分别于创伤后第3天、第5天达到峰值；TLR4mRNA的表达均降低，但预后良好的可在伤后第5天恢复正常水平，预后差的在伤后第5天仍处于低水平。结论：创伤可引起内毒素血症；创伤后人外周血单核细胞内TLR4mRNA的表达与患者的免疫机能、预后情况密切相关。     

连续性血液净化在多器官功能障碍综合征病人中的应用及护理

[目的]探讨连续性血液净化（CBP）辅助治疗多脏器功能障碍综合征（MODS）病人的临床应用,总结护理措施。[方法]回顾性分析35例MODS病人行CBP治疗的临床资料,比较治疗前后病人的生化指标、平均动脉压、心率、氧合指数和急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）的变化。[结果]35例病人好转15例（42.9%）,死亡20例（57.1%）;15例病人治疗后病人的血肌酐、尿素氮、心率和APACHE-Ⅱ评分低于治疗前（P〈0.05）,平均动脉压和氧合指数无明显变化。[结论]MODS病人行CBP治疗,可改善病人的血液生化指标,维持内环境的稳定,为进一步治疗争取了时间,从而提高救治成功率;加强血液净化技术对改善MODS病人的预后有重要作用。     

泵式自体输血过滤引流系统在急症救护中的应用

自体输血、胸腔闭式引流，是缓解血源矛盾、赢得抢救时机、防治心肺衰竭及ＡＲＤＳ／ＭＯＦ的重要措施。笔者研制成功的手控泵式储血过滤引流系列在战地、灾害现场，以及平时的心肺手术中，共应用３０００余例，现重点对其功能设计和用于自体输血、紧急救护做讨论和评估。     

早期肠内营养对严重创伤患者多器官功能障碍综合征发生率的影响

目的 探讨早期肠内营养对严重创伤患者多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）发生率的影响。方法严重创伤患者102例随机均分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组采用肠外肠内序贯营养支持治疗,第1d予半量的肠外营养（PN）和肠内营养（EN）。PN和EN序贯营养支持的积极治疗策略,即早期（第1d）以PN给予50％能量需求量,继之以EN（第2d始）,逐步增加肠内营养量,最终（第8d）过渡到全肠内营养（TEN）,从而避免了EN的一些严重并发症,使EEN得以顺利实施的方法,实行早期肠内营养。对照组按传统方法进行营养支持。观察患者MODS发生率。观察治疗前后患者血淋巴细胞、免疫球蛋白、CRP、TNF-α、IL-1水平变化。结果对照组MODS发生率为13．7％,显著低于对照组（31．4％,P〈0．05）。营养支持第14d、21d,治疗组血淋巴细胞、免疫球蛋白显著高于对照组（均P〈0．05）;血CRP、TNF-α和IL-1显著低于对照组（均P〈0．05）。结论早期肠内营养能增加肠内营养总量,提高严重创伤患者机体免疫力,减轻炎症反应,从而减少MODS发生率。     

黄连解毒汤治疗SIRS的疗效分析

目的:探讨黄连解毒汤对SIRS患者疗效的影响。方法:选择确诊为SIRS的患者60例,随机分为2组,对照组采用传统的抗生素治疗,治疗组在抗生素治疗的基础上配合黄连解毒汤进行治疗。结果:治疗组总有效率为100%;对照组总有效率为86.7%。治疗组各项指标的改善优于对照组,结论:黄连解毒汤能有效治疗SIRS,值得临床进一步推广。     

PD-L1 blockade improves immune dysfunction of spleen dendritic cells and T-cells in zymosan-induced multiple organs dysfunction syndromes

This research is to investigate the role of tolerant spleen dendritic cells (DC) in multiple organs dysfunction syndromes (MODS) at late stage. Tolerant DC and MODS were induced by intraperotineal injection of zymosan. The immunity of DC was determined by examining interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, IL-2, major histocompatibility complex (MHC), CD86, programmed death (PD-1), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PIR-B) or T-cell proliferation in serum, spleen homogenate, DC culture or DC/T-cell co-culture. The PD-L1/PD-1 pathway was blocked using PD-L1 antibody. The IL-12p70 in serum, spleen homogenate and DC culture supernatant were decreased at 5 d and 12 d after zymosan injection while the IL-12p40 and IL-10 were increased. The expression of MHC, cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), PD-1 and PD-L1 in spleen DCs were increased at early stage after zymosan injection. At 5 d and 12 d, the expression of MHC and CD86 was reduced while the expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and PIR-B was increased, accompanied with decreased proliferation of T-cell and decrease of IL-2 in spleen and serum. Application of PD-L1 antibody improved the above changes. At late stage of MODS mice induced by zymosan, the expression of co-stimulators and inhibitors in spleen DCs was imbalanced to form tolerant DCs which reduced the activation of T-cells. PD-L1 antibody improved the immune tolerance of DCs through intervening PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, and attenuated the inhibition of T-cell activities by tolerant DCs and the immune inhibition.     

危重患者血小板平均体积及其膜糖蛋白CD62p的临床研究

目的研究危重患者血小板计数、血小板平均体积（MPV）及血小板膜糖蛋白CD62p的关系。方法我院胸心血管外科监护室55例患者，男44例，女11例，按全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）程度和多脏器功能不全综合征（MODS）分为SIRS2、SIRS3、SIRS4、MODS四组，分别应用HEMACELL Plus全自动二十二项五类血细胞分析仪，通过阻抗法来检测血小板计数、MPV，用流式细胞仪检测血小板糖蛋白CD62p。结果四组患者CD62p均增加，MODS组较SIRS组有增加趋势，但无统计学意义；四组患者MPV逐渐增大；血小板计数四组间比较差异无显著性，但MODS组再分成生存组和死亡组，血小板计数比较差异有显著性。死亡组明显减少。结论动态监测危重患者血小板计数、MPV、CD62p水平均可反映危重患者的病情变化。