前路松解后路固定融合术治疗难复性寰枢关节脱位

目的：探讨经口咽松解同时后路内固定植骨融合术治疗难复性寰枢关节脱位手术效果。方法：12例难复性寰枢关节脱位患者,其中齿突陈旧性骨折畸形愈合7例,横韧带断裂3例,枕颈畸形2例。10例有脊髓损伤的症状、体征。先行经口咽入路的寰枢关节松解或切除术,同期行后路寰枢或枕颈固定植骨融合术,后路固定方法包括寰枢侧块钉板固定10例和枕颈固定2例。术后不用外固定。结果：10例获得解剖复位,2例基本复位,其中2例行齿突切除。12例随访9-26个月,平均11个月,全部病例均获骨性融合。术前有脊髓症状的10例术后功能评价（JOA标准）为优7例,良2例,可1例。术中出现硬膜破裂1例。结论：前路松解后路固定融合对治疗难复性寰枢关节脱位有良好的治疗效果。     

国际卫生保健体制中筹资方式的比较与思考

本文通过对美国、英国、新加坡、澳大利亚几种典型筹资方式的分析，结合中国历史、现状及存在问题，描述中国城市的公费、劳保医疗及农村的合作医疗的筹资方式及变迁。分析存在问题和挑战，提出设置卫生税、采用具有储蓄制的合作医疗制度，建立医疗救助基金。为探讨今后的筹资办法作一些有益的思考。     

Facet Joint Versus Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections in Patients With Cervical Radicular Pain due to Foraminal Stenosis: A Retrospective Comparative Study

BackgroundA cervical transforaminal epidural (TFE) steroid injection is a useful treatment option for cervical radicular pain, but it carries a small risk of catastrophic complications. Several studies have reported that cervical facet joint (FJ) steroid injection can reduce cervical radicular pain through an indirect epidural spread. The aim of this retrospective comparative study was to evaluate the pain scores and functional disability in subjects receiving cervical FJ or TFE steroid injection for the treatment of cervical radicular pain due to foraminal stenosis (FS).MethodsWe selected 278 patients 18 years of age and older who underwent cervical FJ (n = 130) or TFE (n= 148) steroid injection for cervical radicular pain. The primary outcomes included pain scores and functional disability during hospital visits one, three, and six months after the initial injection. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of responders and Medication Quantification Scale (MQS) scores. Adverse events and variables correlating with effectiveness one month after the initial injection were also evaluated.ResultsThe Numeric Rating Scale and Neck Disability Index scores showed a significant improvement one, three, and six months after the initial injection in both groups, with no significant differences between the groups. No significant differences were observed in the success rates of the procedure one, three, and six months after the initial injection for either group. There were no significant differences in MQS between the groups during the follow-up period. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the injection method, age, sex, number of injections, FS severity, MQS, pain duration, and the presence of cervical disc herniation were not independent predictors of treatment success.ConclusionThe efficacy of FJ steroid injection may not be inferior to that of TFE steroid injection in patients with cervical radicular pain due to FS.     

Perceptions of environmental opportunities for physical activity in the European Union

Summary Objectives:This article is the last in a series of four that present data about physical activity in 15 members states of the European Union collected by the Eurobarometer 58.2. The focus of this article is on the perception of environmental opportunities for physical activity across the European Union. Methods:Data were collected in 2002 as part of the Eurobarometer by face-to-face interviews. A total of 16230 respondents age 15 years and older were interviewed. Sample sizes ranged about 1000 respondents in most nations. Physical activity was assessed with the last 7-days short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results:Results indicate relationships between the perceptions of environmental opportunities; gross household income and physical activity level (in MET-hours/per week) of respondents. Respondents who reported lower income and less physical activity had also more negative perceptions of environmental opportunities. Across nations, respondents in Denmark, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Western Germany had the highest satisfaction with environmental opportunities for physical activity. In some nations, positive correlations between the perception of environmental opportunities and physical activity levels could be observed. Conclusions:Results show variations in the perception of environmental opportunities across the EU. Overall, the majority of respondents rated their environmental opportunities for physical activity favourable.     

Assessment of functioning in Dutch primary care: Development study of a consultation tool for patients with chronic conditions and multimorbidity

BackgroundIn primary care, a shift from a disease‐oriented approach for patients with multimorbidity towards a more person‐centred approach is needed.AimTo transform a self‐report questionnaire for patients with chronic conditions in primary care, the Primary Care Functioning Scale (PCFS), into an understandable, visually attractive and feasible consultation tool for patients and health care providers. The consultation tool consists of a web‐based version of the PCFS, which is filled in by the patient and is processed to a feedback report that summarizes and visualizes the main findings. The feedback report can be discussed with the patient to facilitate a more person‐centred conversation for patients with chronic conditions and multimorbidity in general practice.Design and SettingIn this qualitative study, we developed the consultation tool by using design thinking in a participatory developmental process.MethodsIn the first phase, we constructed five different feedback report templates to summarize and display the results of a completed PCFS questionnaire in a series of two expert meetings with patients and general practitioners (GPs). In the second phase, we performed an exploratory qualitative interview study involving dyads of patients with chronic conditions and their practice nurses. In an iterative process, we explored their experiences with the consultation tool.ResultsPatients, as well as GPs, preferred a clear manner of presenting the results of the questionnaire in a feedback report. In 18 interviews with patients and practice nurses during three different interview rounds, we adjusted the feedback report and consultation tool based on the input from patients and practice nurses. After the final interview round, patients and practice nurses consented that the consultation tool was useful for having a more in‐depth consultation about functioning and patients'' preferences when integrated into the regularly scheduled consultations.ConclusionWe were able to develop an understandable and feasible consultation tool that is applicable in already existing chronic disease management programmes in general practice in the Netherlands.Patient or Public ContributionTo increase the understandability and feasibility of the consultation tool, we collaborated with end‐users and actively involved patients, GPs and practice nurses in a participatory development process.     

瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚在关节脱位手法复位麻醉中的应用

目的 观察和分析瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚用于关节脱位手法复位的临床效果.方法 选取安顺市人民医院2012年7月至2014年7月收治的关节脱位患者62例作为研究对象,随机分为丙泊酚麻醉组(A组)和瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚麻醉组(B组),各31例.对两组的麻醉效果、不良反应、麻醉起效时间及苏醒时间进行分析.结果 A组麻醉有效率为83.87％,B组为96.77％,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);A组不良反应发生率为41.93％,B组为16.13％,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组麻醉起效时间及苏醒时间明显比A组短(P＜0.05),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚麻醉用于关节脱位手法复位的麻醉效果较好,不良反应发生率低.     

坐位和卧位持续性被动运动训练对下肢骨关节术后康复效果的促进作用

目的:探讨坐位和卧位持续性被动运动训练对下肢骨关节术后康复效果的促进作用.方法:回顾性分析本院2012年9月至2014年9月收治的151例下肢骨关节损伤患者的临床资料,均接受手术治疗,分为对照组(73例)和观察组(78例)分别给予传统术后康复训练和传统康复训练结合坐位和卧位持续性被动运动训练.结果:较之本组治疗前,两组的各关节屈曲和伸展活动度均出现提高的情况,P<0.05;治疗后观察组的各关节屈曲和伸展活动度均出现大于对照组,P<0.05.较之本组治疗前两组的6min的步行距离和10米的步行时间均出现改善的情况,步行距离增加,步行时间缩短,P<0.05;治疗后观察组的6min的步行距离和10米的步行时间均出现大于或者短于对照组,P<0.05.较之本组治疗前,两组的平衡能力评分均出现提高的情况,P<0.05;治疗后观察组的平衡能力评分大于对照组,P<0.05.结论:对下肢骨关节术后患者实施坐位和卧位持续性被动运动训练可以获得十分理想的效果,提高其运动功能和平衡能力等,促进患者的术后康复.     

纤维支气管镜与机械通气联合救治外科术后急性呼吸衰竭

目的 :探讨纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )支气管肺段冲洗与机械通气联合救治外科术后肺部感染合并急性呼吸衰竭患者的疗效。方法 :对 6 6例外科术后肺部感染合并急性呼吸衰竭的患者随机分为两组 ,治疗组 (33例 )采用纤支镜支气管肺段冲洗与机械通气联合治疗 ,对照组 (33例 )采用机械通气治疗。观察两组治疗后动脉血气分析结果的变化、机械通气时间、平均住院时间、平均住ICU时间、一次拔管成功率、病死率、并发症发生率、器官衰竭发生率和术后总治疗费用的情况。结果 :治疗后治疗组与对照组相比 ,动脉血气分析中PH ,PaO2 ,PaCO2 ,SaO2指标明显好转 ,机械通气时间、平均住院时间、平均住ICU时间明显缩短 ,术后总治疗费用明显减少 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;一次拔管成功率、病死率、并发症发生率、器官衰竭发生率均优于对照组 ,但差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :纤支镜与机械通气联合应用救治外科术后肺部感染合并急性呼吸衰竭疗效优于单用机械通气 ,并可以使机械通气并发症减少 ,改善围手术期的预后。     

创建中国特色的器官获取组织质量管理体系

质量保证是器官获取组织(OPO)的责任,创建OPO质量管理体系是高质量开展人体器官捐献工作面临的新任务。当前我国OPO质量管理中存在着缺乏完善的管理机构、规范的管理流程、科学的评价指标、高素质的专业人才和浓厚的安全文化氛围等问题,有必要从思想观念转变、质量管理体系建设和过程实施管理等3个方面,紧密结合OPO的实际状况,参照国际通用质量管理体系标准进行顶层设计,更需要OPO管理者充分发挥领导作用,确保OPO在质量管理体系的持续改进中高效运行。     

Irresponsible responsibility

The Medical Association for Prevention of War (UK) submitted the following written statement to the Third Special Session on Disarmament of the United Nations General Assembly, which was held at UN headquarters in New York on 31 May‐25 June 1988.