General anaesthesia vs. conscious sedation for transfemoral aortic valve implantation: a single UK centre before‐and‐after study

Reported data suggest that 99% of transfemoral, transcatheter aortic valve implantations in the UK are performed under general anaesthesia. This before‐and‐after study is the first UK comparison of conscious sedation vs. general anaesthesia for this procedure. Patients who underwent general anaesthesia received tracheal intubation, positive pressure ventilation, radial arterial and central venous access and urinary catheterisation. Anaesthesia was maintained with propofol or sevoflurane. Patients who received conscious sedation had a fascia iliaca and ilioinguinal nerve block and low‐dose remifentanil infusion, without invasive monitoring or urinary catheterisation. Recruitment took place between August 2012 and July 2015, with a 6‐month crossover period between November 2013 and June 2014. A total of 88 patients were analysed, evenly divided between the two groups. Patients receiving conscious sedation had a shorter anaesthetic time (mean (SD) 121 (28) min vs. 145 (41) min; p < 0.001) and recovery room time (110 (50) min vs. 155 (48) min; p = 0.001), lower requirement for inotropes (4.6% vs 81.8%; OR (95% CI) 0.1 (0.002–0.050); p < 0.001) and a lower incidence of malignant dysrhythmia (0% vs 11.4%; p = 0.020). Conscious sedation appears a feasible alternative to general anaesthesia for this procedure and is associated with a reduced requirement for inotropic support and improved efficiency.     

基于不同扫描方案下MSCT尿路成像图像质量研究

目的 探讨四种不同扫描方案下64层螺旋CT尿路成像技术的图像质量,寻求最佳的尿路显影方法.方法 60名泌尿系统正常人群分为4组,每组15名,分别采用以下辅助方法进行5分钟延迟扫描:A组,大量饮水仰卧位;B组,大量饮水俯卧位;C组,静脉水化;D组,少量利尿剂,对尿路连续性解剖结构、输尿管充盈度的显示进行图像质量对照评估.结果 A组和B组对于整个泌尿系统评价无明显差异,C组在尿路解剖结构的显示和尿路连续性评分方面与A、B组无明显差异,但是输尿管充盈程度明显高于A组(P=0.010)和B组(P=0.008).D组的图像质量在尿路连续性评分和输尿管充盈度上明显高于其他3组,其平均输尿管内径显示最饱满,平均直径为(7.04±2.06)mm.结论 少量利尿剂的使用能够显著增加泌尿系统全程显影,对泌尿系统的总体显示效果最好,值得临床推广应用.     

Cost analysis of different protocols for imaging a patient with acute flank pain

The aim of this study was to analyse the costs of different diagnostic approaches to patients with acute flank pain. Four different diagnostic approaches were considered: (a) spiral CT without contrast medium (CM); (b) plain film, ultrasonography (US) and intravenous urography (IVU) – the latter procedure is used in our department in cases still unsolved following the former investigations (28 % in our experience); (c) plain film, US and spiral CT without CM (as an alternative to IVU in 28 % of cases); and (d) IVU. The cost of each procedure in a university hospital was calculated, following analysis of the differential costs of each investigation (equipment, depreciation and maintenance costs, related materials and services, radiologists, radiographers, nurses) and their common costs (auxiliary personnel and indirect internal costs). Finally, we calculated the full cost of each procedure and applied it to the different diagnostic approaches. The full cost of each approach was: (a) spiral CT without CM = 74 Euro; (b) plain film, US and IVU (28 %) = 66.89 Euro; (c) plain film, US and spiral CT without CM (28 %) = 64.93 Euro; (d) IVU = 80.90 Euro. Intravenous urography alone or in unsolved cases is not to be considered because it provides higher costs and worse diagnostic results, whereas X-ray dose to patient is almost equal between IVU and spiral CT. Spiral CT integrated to plain film and US in unsolved cases could be preferred because of lower cost and dose to patient, though reaching a diagnostic conclusion may take longer than an immediate spiral CT. Received: 29 February 2000; Revised: 22 May 2000; Accepted: 23 May 2000     

Preliminary experience with oral dexmedetomidine for procedural and anesthetic premedication

BACKGROUND: Oral premedication is often required in children to provide anxiolysis and lessen the psychological impact of hospitalization and/or procedures. We present our experience with dexmedetomidine as an oral premedicant prior to procedural sedation or anesthetic induction. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective review of the anesthesia or sedation service records of patients who received oral dexmedetomidine. RESULTS: The cohort for the study included 13 patients ranging in age from 4 to 14 years. Oral dexmedetomidine (mean dose: 2.6 +/- 0.83 microg.kg(-1); range 1.0-4.2 microg.kg(-1)) was used as premedication prior to anesthesia induction in four patients and prior to intravenous (IV) cannula placement for procedural sedation in nine patients with neurobehavioral problems. Effective sedation was achieved in 11 of 13 patients. The one patient in whom anxiolysis was not achieved received the lowest dose of dexmedetomidine (1 microg.kg(-1)) prior to anesthesia induction. In the other three patients, parental separation and acceptance of the mask was achieved at 20-30 min with a dose of 2.5 microg.kg(-1). When used for procedural sedation, placement of an IV cannula was accomplished without difficulty in seven of eight patients with neurobehavioral disorders and with only mild resistance in the other. No complications were noted and parental satisfaction with the sedation experience was high. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data suggest that dexmedetomidine may be an effective oral premedicant prior to anesthesia induction or procedural sedation. We found that it was effective even in patients with neurobehavioral disorders in whom previous attempts at sedation had failed.     

麻醉深度指数与脑电双频谱指数测定靶控输注异丙酚患者镇静时镇静深度的比较

目的对异丙酚靶控输注(TCI)镇静的患者,比较麻醉深度指数(CSI)与脑电双频谱指数(BIS)在无手术刺激条件下监测镇静深度的准确性。方法 ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级患者20例,手术种类不限,诱导插管前以异丙酚TCI镇静,靶浓度从0．5 μg/ml开始,输注5 min后递增,递增梯度为0．5 μg/ml, 直至改良清醒镇静评分(OAA/S)为0分后5 min停止,试验中监测并记录患者CSI及BIS,每间隔20 s 行改良OAA/S评分,记录TCI系统预测效应部位浓度值每变化0．1 μg/ml时的数值及时间。计算CSI 及BIS预测不同改良OAA/S评分的预测概率(Pk)。结果 CSI及BIS与改良OAA/S评分均有较好的相关性,患者在不同改良OAA/S评分时的镇静深度均表现出较高的Pk值(Pk>0．9),且二者比较差异无统计学意义。语言反应消失时的BIS05与CSI05、BIS50与CSI50、BIS95与CSI95分别为79．2与74．9、69．2 与65．9、59．2与56．8。意识消失时的BIS05与CSI05、BIS50与CSI50、BIS95与CSI95分别为73．6与65．2、57．1 与54．8、40．6与44．3。结论异丙酚TCI镇静时CSI同BIS一样能够较好的反映患者的镇静深度变化,CSI监测用于观察患者语言反应消失和意识消失的能力优于BIS监测。     

Effective and rapid treatment of painful localized transient osteoporosis (bone marrow edema) with intravenous ibandronate

Localized transient osteoporosis (LTO; bone marrow edema syndrome) is a rare disorder of generally unknown etiology that is characterized by acute onset of disabling bone pain. Treatment options are currently limited and largely ineffective. The locally increased bone turnover and low bone mineral density (BMD) typical of LTO indicate a potential role for bisphosphonate therapy. Ibandronate, a potent nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, has proven efficacy in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis when administered as a convenient intermittent intravenous (IV) injection with a between-dose interval of 2 or 3 months. In a study of 12 patients with LTO, ibandronate was administered as an initial 4-mg IV dose with a second, optional injection of 2 mg at 3 months. Daily calcium and vitamin D supplements were provided. Pain was measured at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months using a visual analog scale (VAS) of 1–10, and BMD was measured at baseline and 6 months. IV ibandronate provided rapid and substantial pain relief. The mean (SD) VAS score decreased from 8.4 (1.3) at baseline to 0.5 (0.7) at 6 months, at which time seven patients had achieved complete pain relief. At 6 months, mean lumbar spine BMD had increased by 4.0% (range –0.8 to 7.7%) in the overall population. IV ibandronate injection affords advantages over currently available oral and IV bisphosphonates and thus offers a promising therapeutic advance in the treatment of LTO.     

Remifentanil for sedation and analgesia in a preterm neonate with respiratory distress syndrome

We present the efficacy and safety of the use of remifentanil for intubation, sedation and analgesia in a preterm infant during mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome. A 34-week-old baby, born by cesarean delivery that developed respiratory distress, required intubation and ventilatory support. For intubation, the baby was given midazolam (0.2 mg.kg(-1)) and remifentanil (1 microg.kg(-1)). The intubation conditions were assessed and classified as excellent. The remifentanil infusion was started at dose 0.75 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) and the dose adjustments were made depending on the neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS), hemodynamic and respiratory changes or the presence of spontaneous movements. Pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, ECG and invasive blood pressure were continuously monitored. He was given surfactant within 2.5 h of life after which ventilator parameters could be progressively decreased. Three hours later, the remifentanil infusion was decreased to 0.5 microg.kg(-1).min(-1), and he remained sedated (NIPS < 2). Six hour after surfactant administration, blood gases and chest X ray were normal. The remifentanil infusion was then discontinued and 30 min later the baby was awake and extubated with success. There were no side effects after intubation or during the continuous infusion. The profile of remifentanil allowing a rapid recovery, the absence of side effects and a good level of sedation and analgesia support the choice of this opioid for sedation in the NICU.     

Experience with More Than 5,000 Cases in Which Monitored Anesthesia Care Was Used for Liposuction Surgery

Background Conscious sedation using monitored anesthesia care can provide a clinical spectrum from relaxation to moderate anesthesia. This middle ground between general anesthesia and pure tumescent liposuction can help facilitate patient comfort and surgical proficiency during the procedure.Objective To describe a method of liposuction surgery with monitored anesthesia care in which a designated licensed and qualified individual is responsible for administration of supplemental intravenous conscious sedation as well as continuous monitoring of the patient.Methods Conscious sedation is induced with midazolam, and the patient is titrated to level II-V on the Ramsey sedation scale with propofol. The basic surgical technique is that of tumescent liposuction. However, the supplemental conscious sedation allows the tumescent fluid to be infiltrated at higher rates and fat extraction to be completed in a shorter period with minimal or no discomfort.Results In the authors experience with more than 5,000 cases of liposuction surgery using this method, safety and efficacy have been proved. No patients have experienced significant adverse effects.Conclusion Tumescent liposuction surgery with monitored anesthesia care provides a middle ground between general anesthesia and purely tumescent liposuction.     

烧伤病人静脉输液渗漏原因分析与防治措施

目的：目的：分析严重烧伤救治过程中静脉输液渗漏的原因及防范措施。方法：总结作者2002年至2007年参与护理治疗的9例严重烧伤并发静脉输液渗漏病人的临床资料，分析液体渗漏的主要因素，临床特点，处理方法及防范措施。结果：9例病人均为周围静脉穿刺输液患者，事前曾接受过输入高渗液体，或对血管内皮细胞产生损伤作用的药物治疗，输入液体种类依次为5％碳酸氢钠、氨基酸、氯化钾及多巴胺等；主要临床表现为患处（肢）疼痛、肿胀、局部皮温下降，或有表皮小水疱形成，严重者皮肤溃烂、渗出、坏死，经综合治疗痊愈出院，未留残疾。结论：严重烧伤病人周围静脉输液渗漏的原因比较复杂，除原发病导致毛细血管通透性增加外，与输入液体及药物的种类与性质密切相关。     

地佐辛联合丙泊酚应用于无痛人流的临床探讨

目的：探讨地佐辛联合丙泊酚静脉麻醉用于人工流产术的临床镇痛效果及安全性。方法随机选取该院于2012年9月-2013年10月间收治的健康早期妊娠,自愿要求人工流产的妇女300例为研究对象,并随机平均分成三组进行麻醉对照,其中A组100例,采用舒芬太尼+丙泊酚进行临床镇痛;B组100例,采用芬太尼+丙泊酚进行临床镇痛;C组100例,采用地佐辛+丙泊酚进行临床镇痛。比较三组临床镇痛效果。结果注药2 min后,血压、呼吸次数、脉搏血氧饱和度A组有所下降,B组基本无变化,C组大致在正常范围内,且A组患者苏醒时间为(6.45±0.51)min、B组患者苏醒时间为(6.34±0.54)min、C组患者苏醒时间为(4.73±0.44)min,C组患者苏醒时间要明显优于A组和B组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。结论丙泊酚联合地佐辛用于门诊无痛人流术临床镇痛效果显著,安全可行。