The impact of alfentanil supplementation on the sedation of bronchoscopy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background:The efficacy of alfentanil supplementation for the sedation of bronchoscopy remains controversial. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the influence of alfentanil supplementation on the sedation during bronchoscopy.Methods:We search PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases through December 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of alfentanil supplementation versus placebo for the sedation during bronchoscopy. This meta-analysis is performed using the random-effect model.Results:Five RCTs are included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with control group for bronchoscopy, alfentanyl supplementation is associated with significantly reduced coughing scores (Std. MD = –0.55; 95% CI = –0.96 to –0.14; P = 0.009) and dose of propofol (Std. MD = –0.34; 95% CI = –0.64 to –0.04; P = 0.03), but reveals the increase in hypoxemia (RR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.17 to 2.08; P = 0.002).Conclusions:Alfentanyl supplementation benefits to reduce coughing scores and dose of propofol for bronchoscopy, but increases the incidence of hypoxemia. The use of alfentanyl supplementation for bronchoscopy should be with caution.     

Premedication for tracheal intubation in neonates: confusion or controversy?

Tracheal intubation is performed frequently in the NICU and delivery room. This procedure is extremely distressing, painful, and has the potential for airway injury. Premedication with sedatives, analgesics, and muscle relaxants is standard practice for pediatric and adult intubation, yet the use of these drugs is not common for intubation in neonates. The risks and benefits of using premedications for intubating unstable newborns are hotly debated, although recent evidence shows that premedication for non-urgent or semi-urgent intubations is safer and more effective than awake intubations. This article reviews clinical practices reported in surveys on premedication for neonatal intubation, the physiological effects of laryngoscopy and intubation on awake neonates, as well as the clinical and physiological effects of different drug combinations used for intubation. A wide variety of drugs, either alone or in combination, have been used as premedication for elective intubation in neonates. Schematically, these studies have been of three main types: (a) studies comparing awake intubation versus those with sedation or analgesia, (b) studies comparing different premedication regimens comprising sedatives, analgesics, and anesthetics, and (c) case series of neonates in which some authors have reported their experience with a specific premedication regimen. The clinical benefits described in these studies and the need for pain control in neonates make the case for using appropriate premedication routinely for elective or semi-urgent intubations. Tracheal intubation without the use of analgesia or sedation should be performed only for urgent resuscitations in the delivery room or other life-threatening situations when intravenous access is unavailable.     

常用静脉麻醉药对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后呕吐的影响

目的观察常用静脉全麻药异丙酚、硫喷妥钠及依托咪酯对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后恶心呕吐的影响。方法将330例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者随机分为三组,每组110例,分别以异丙酚2mg/kg、硫喷妥钠5mg/kg、依托咪酯0.4mg/kg诱导麻醉,其他药物及麻醉方式均相同。结果术后0～6h内,异丙酚组恶心呕吐的发生率及平均发生次数明显低于硫喷妥钠组及依托咪酯组(P0.05),硫喷妥钠组与依托咪酯组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后6～48h的时间段内,三组患者恶心呕吐的发生率及发生次数比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论异丙酚在腹腔镜胆囊切除术后早期抗呕吐作用明显。     

靶控输注咪唑安定对靶控输注丙泊酚镇静催眠效应的影响

目的评价靶控输注咪唑安定对靶控输注丙泊酚镇静催眠效应的影响。方法ASAI～Ⅱ级择期手术患者40例，随机分为四组：A组为单纯丙泊酚组，B、C、D组为丙泊酚 咪唑安定组，咪唑安定靶浓度分别为10、20、30ng／mL。咪唑安定达到平衡后，血浆靶控输注丙泊酚。记录丙泊酚效应部位浓度为1、2、3、4、5μg／mL时BIS值和OAA／S评分，并记录OAA／S评分达到4、3、2、1时丙泊酚效应部位浓度和BIS值，记录BIS值为50时丙泊酚效应部位浓度。结果1．咪唑安定达到平衡后，C组和D组BIS值显著下降；D组中OAA／S评分也显著下降，并低于B组和C组；2．随丙泊酚浓度升高四组患者．BIS值和OAA／S评分逐渐下降；3．相同丙泊酚浓度时，BIS值和OAA／S评分随咪唑安定浓度增加呈降低趋势；4．B、C、D三组患者OAA／S评分达到3、2、1以及BIS值达到50时所需丙泊酚效应部位浓度均显著低于A组，达到相同OAA／S评分D组所需丙泊酚效应部位浓度显著低于B组和C组。结论效应部位浓度为10、20、30ng／mL的咪唑安定均能显著降低丙泊酚靶控浓度，以达到需要的镇静深度；随咪唑安定浓度加深，降低作用越明显。     

静脉注射不同剂量氯胺酮对学龄前小儿心率变异功率谱的影响

目的通过观察不同剂量氯胺酮对学龄前小儿心率变异功率谱的影响,总结出能直观反映小儿氯胺酮麻醉深度的量化指标。方法选择5～6岁小儿54例,随机分为A、B两组,分别静脉注射氯胺酮(Ketamine,KTM)1mg.kg-1、2mg.kg-1,比较组内不同时点、组间同时点心率变异功率谱中各指标的变化。结果静脉注射氯胺酮后,A、B两组心率变异功率谱中,除了心率(HR)外,其余成分值较基础值均下降(P<0.05)。组间比较:B组低频(LF)、高频(HF)、心率变异指数(HRVI)比A组小(P<0.05)。结论静脉注射氯胺酮后心率变异功率谱中除HR外,其他成分值下降且幅度与剂量有关,其中HRVI变化最为直观敏感,可作为麻醉深度的监测指标。     

急性肺栓塞导管介入溶栓抗凝治疗临床体会

目的:了解对临床症状危重的急性大块肺动脉栓塞用导管介入加接触性溶栓然后抗凝治疗的疗效及安全性。方法:紧急肺动脉造影确诊后,即刻行肺动脉内导管机械性碎栓、吸栓及接触性尿激酶溶栓治疗,观察处理前后的肺循环梗阻及症状改善情况。结果:7例经紧急肺动脉造影确诊为伴有明显肺动脉高压(男5例,女2例,平均年龄62.1±16.0岁)。处理前后M iller指数从0.53±0.14减小至0.28±0.15(p<0.001),肺动脉收缩压从(60.70±22.75)mmHg降到(43.1±18.84)mmHg(p<0.05)。术后6例症状明显改善,死亡1例。经住院期间的2周静脉内溶栓、抗凝、抗血小板治疗,6例患者临床表现完全缓解。结论:用普通导管紧急肺动脉内碎栓、吸栓、接触性溶栓治疗能迅速改善重症肺栓塞肺循环梗阻状况,改善临床症状,未见明显并发症,安全有效,治疗消费较低廉。     

甘露醇注射液引起过敏性休克1例

甘露醇是一种高渗脱水剂,临床应用广泛,一般无明显副作用,临床也鲜有过敏性休克的发生.现报道我院发生的1例甘露醇导致过敏性休克的罕见病例.     

Animal and human models for sepsis

Several preclinical models for sepsis have been used in the last decades to successfully unravel the pathophysiologic processes during sepsis. Furthermore, these models for sepsis revealed promising immunomodulating agents for the treatment of sepsis. Nevertheless, several clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of these new anti-inflammatory agents in septic patients showed disappointing results. In this article the advantages and disadvantages of different models for sepsis are discussed. Most models for sepsis lack an infectious focus. Importantly, investigations studying the effects of several immunomodulating strategies have demonstrated strikingly opposite results when using models for sepsis lacking an infectious focus and when using models for sepsis with a more natural route of infection. These differences will be discussed in this article. In general, it is advised to use a combination of models to test a new therapeutic agent, before starting a clinical study evaluating this new therapy.     

地佐辛联合丙泊酚应用于无痛人流的临床探讨

目的：探讨地佐辛联合丙泊酚静脉麻醉用于人工流产术的临床镇痛效果及安全性。方法随机选取该院于2012年9月-2013年10月间收治的健康早期妊娠,自愿要求人工流产的妇女300例为研究对象,并随机平均分成三组进行麻醉对照,其中A组100例,采用舒芬太尼+丙泊酚进行临床镇痛;B组100例,采用芬太尼+丙泊酚进行临床镇痛;C组100例,采用地佐辛+丙泊酚进行临床镇痛。比较三组临床镇痛效果。结果注药2 min后,血压、呼吸次数、脉搏血氧饱和度A组有所下降,B组基本无变化,C组大致在正常范围内,且A组患者苏醒时间为(6.45±0.51)min、B组患者苏醒时间为(6.34±0.54)min、C组患者苏醒时间为(4.73±0.44)min,C组患者苏醒时间要明显优于A组和B组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。结论丙泊酚联合地佐辛用于门诊无痛人流术临床镇痛效果显著,安全可行。