弹性髓内钉在儿童四肢骨折中的应用

目的研究弹性髓内钉对儿童四肢骨折患儿骨折愈合和并发症的影响。方法 40例儿童四肢骨折患儿,采用随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组,每组20例。观察组患儿采用弹性髓内钉固定,对照组患儿采用小切口复位。比较两组患儿骨折愈合和邻近关节活动情况、手术指标、骨折愈合时间及并发症发生情况。结果观察组患儿骨折愈合优良率为100.00%、邻近关节活动优良率为100.00%,均高于对照组的60.00%、70.00%,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=10.000、7.059, P=0.002、0.008<0.05)。观察组患儿手术时间、切口长度、住院时间和骨折愈合时间均短于对照组,出血量少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患儿并发症发生率为10.00%,低于对照组的45.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论弹性髓内钉治疗儿童四肢骨折愈合和邻近关节活动效果显著,且其手术简便、手术时间短、患儿创伤小,治疗后并发症较少,值得临床应用。     

弹性髓内钉对儿童前臂骨折临床疗效及并发症的影响

目的 探究弹性髓内钉（ESIN）对儿童前臂骨折手术效果及并发症的影响。方法 选取2015年12月至2018年12月安徽省太和县中医院行ESIN治疗的40例患儿为ESIN治疗组,选择同期行钢板手术治疗的40例患儿为钢板治疗组。术中记录两组患儿手术切口长度、术中出血量情况;术后4周内观察患儿骨折部位骨痂形成占比情况、骨折愈合时间、关节功能评价、术后并发症发生情况以及临床疗效。结果 ESIN治疗组患儿术中切口长度及出血量均低于钢板治疗组（P<0.05）;ESIN治疗组骨折4周内骨痂形成占比情况、骨折愈合时间、关节功能与治疗总有效率均优于钢板治疗组（P<0.05）;ESIN治疗组患儿术后并发症发生率较钢板治疗组高,但两组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 ESIN治疗儿童前臂骨折具有创伤小、愈合时间短、术后关节功能评价较好等特点,但该法可能出现的术后并发症需予以重视。     

The Vidian Canal: Radiological Features in Japanese Population and Clinical Implications

The vidian canal (VC), a bony tunnel in which the vidian artery and nerve pass, has been widely known as an important landmark to identify the anterior genu of the petrous carotid artery (AGPCA) especially during lateral extended endoscopic endonasal approachs (LEEEAs). The objectives of this study in the Japanese population are to describe the radiological anatomic features and relationships between VC and its surrounding structures, and discuss the clinical implications. We studied 231 high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scans with a slice thickness of 0.5 mm. All the patients had known sellar or parasellar pathologies but without any involvement of VC. The following VC-related parameters were examined: its length, relationship to AGPCA, course from the pterygopalatine fossa to the carotid canal, its position relative to the medial pterygoid plate and pneumatization pattern of the sphenoid sinus. Mean length of VC is 14.6 mm. There is more tendency of straight-running VC compared to other populations. VC locates infero-lateral to AGPCA in all the cases. The protrusion of VC and the paraclival carotid artery to the sphenoid sinus, as well as well-pneumatization of the sinus is also observed more frequently in almost a half of the population. Surgeons who perform LEEEAs in Japanese patients must know these anatomical features. The characteristics particular to Japanese populations may facilitate better identification of VC and exposure to AGPCA intraoperatively.     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉和股骨近端锁定钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折疗效比较

目的：比较股骨近端防旋髓内钉（PFNA）与股骨近端锁定钢板（PFLCP）内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法70例股骨转子间骨折患者按治疗方法分为两组：采用 PFNA 治疗30例、PFLCP 治疗40例。比较两组切口长度、术中出血量、手术时间、术后下地时间、骨折愈合时间、优良率。结果70例均获随访,时间为6～24个月。两组切口长度、术中出血量、手术时间、术后下地时间比较差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;两组骨折愈合时间及优良率比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。结论应用 PFNA 与 PFLCP 治疗股骨转子间骨折均能获得良好疗效。应用 PFNA 在切口长度、术中出血量、手术时间、术后下地时间方面优于 PFLCP,应用 PFLCP 治疗合并有严重骨质疏松或股骨颈内侧皮质的股骨转子间骨折优于 PFNA。     

A Lifetime of Allograft Function with Kidneys from Older Donors

Strategies to increase expanded criteria donor (ECD) transplantation are needed. We quantified the extent to which ECD kidneys provide recipients with a lifetime of allograft function by determining the difference between patient survival and death-censored allograft survival (graft survival). Initial analyses compared 5-year outcomes in the Eurotransplant Senior Program (European) and the United States Renal Data System. Among European recipients ≥65 years, patient survival exceeded graft survival, and ECD recipients returned to dialysis for an average of 5.2 months after transplant failure. Among United States recipients ≥60 years, graft survival exceeded patient survival. Although patient survival in elderly recipients in the United States was low (49% at 5 years), the average difference in patient survival at 10 years in elderly recipients in the United States with an ECD versus non-ECD transplant was only 7 months. The probability of patient survival with a functioning allograft at 5 years was higher with ECD transplantation within 1 year after activation to the waiting list than with delayed non-ECD transplantation ≥3 years after activation to the waiting list. Subsequent analyses demonstrated that ECD transplants do not provide a lifetime of allograft function in recipients <50 years in the United States. These findings should encourage ECD transplantation in patients ≥60 years, demonstrate that rapid ECD transplantation is superior to delayed non-ECD transplantation, and challenge the policy in the United States of allowing patients <50 years to receive an ECD transplant.     

Esthesioneuroblastoma: An Update on the UCLA Experience, 2002–2013

Objectives To profile the clinical presentation and treatment results of esthesioneuroblastomas at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), from 2002 to 2013. Design Retrospective review. Setting Tertiary academic institution. Participants Forty-one patients with esthesioneuroblastomas treated at UCLA. Main Outcome Measures Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Results Thirty-six patients were included with a mean age of 50.1 years and a median duration of follow-up of 33 months. The 5-year RFS and OS were 54% and 82%, respectively. Modified Kadish stage was the only factor identified to affect OS. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor grade was the only factor that had an independent impact on RFS. There was no statistical difference in survival among the surgical approaches chosen. Conclusions The updated data on the UCLA experience reveals that all three surgical approaches chosen provide comparable survival, although longer follow-up will be needed to ascertain if these findings hold true. The endoscopic approach had a statistically significant decrease in length of hospital stay and a trend toward reduced blood loss, intensive care unit admission, and complications. The modified Kadish staging was the only factor identified to predict OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor grade was an independent predictor of recurrence; therefore, its importance should be emphasized in future staging systems.     

Comparing Operative Exposures of the Le Fort I Osteotomy and the Expanded Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Clivus

Objectives We compare surgical exposures to the clivus by Le Fort I osteotomy (LFO) and the expanded endoscopic endonasal approach (EEEA). Methods Ten cadaveric specimens were imaged with 1.25-mm computed tomography. After stereotactic navigation, EEEA was performed followed by LFO. Clival measurements included lateral and vertical limits to the midline lower extent of exposure (t test). Results For EEFA and LFO, respectively, maximal lateral exposure in millimeters (mean ± standard deviation) was 24.5 ± 3.7 and 24.5 ±  − 3.8 (p = 0.99) at the opticocarotid recess (OCR) and 25.1 ±  − 4.1 and 24.1 ±  − 3.0 (p = 0.53) at the foramen lacerum level; lateral reach at the hypoglossal canals was 39.0 ±  − 5.88 and 56.1 ±   − 5.3 (p = 0.0004); and vertical extension was 56.0 ±  − 4.1 and 56.3 ±  − 3.4 (p = 0.78). Conclusions For clival exposures, LFO and EEEA were similar craniocaudally and laterally at the levels of the OCR and foramen lacerum. LFO achieved greater exposure at the level of the hypoglossal canal.     

Arthrodesis of proximal inter-phalangeal joint for hammertoe: intramedullary device options

Background

Proximal inter-phalangeal (PIP) joint arthrodesis today represents the standard treatment for structured hammertoes; however, recently, a lot of new intramedullary devices for the fixation of this arthrodesis have been introduced. The purpose of this work is to look at the currently available devices and to perform a review of the present literature.

Materials and methods

A literature search of PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar databases, considering works published up until September 2014 and using the keywords: hammertoe, arthrodesis, PIP joint, fusion, intramedullary devices, and K-wire, was performed. The published papers were included in the present study only if they met the following inclusion criteria: English articles, arthrodesis of PIP joints for hammertoes with new generation intramedullary devices, series with n > 10. Studies using absorbable pins or screws that are considered as another kind of fixation that involved more than one articulation, as well as comments, letters to the editor, or newsletters were excluded.

Results

Nine publications were included. Of the patients’ reports, 93–100 % were good or excellent concerning satisfaction. Radiological arthrodesis was achieved in 60.5–100 % of cases. Three of the publications compared the new devices with the K-wire. Of these three articles, two employed the traditional technique and one the buried technique. The AOFAS score, evaluated in three publications, showed a delta of 19, 45 and 58 points. Major complications, which required a secondary surgical revision, were between 0 and 8.6 %. The complications of the K-wire and the new devices were similar; also the reoperation rate was close to equal (maximal difference 2 %). On the other hand, these kinds of devices definitely have a higher price, compared to the K-wire.

Conclusion

The use of these new devices provides good results; however, their high price is currently a problem. For this reason, cost-benefit studies seem to be necessary to justify their use as standard treatment.

Level of evidence

Level III systematic review.     

股骨粗隆间骨折PFNA内固定失效的危险因素分析

目的分析导致股骨粗隆间骨折PFNA内固定失效的危险因素。方法回顾性分析自2010-01—2013-10诊治并获得完整随访的股骨粗隆间骨折157例,按照内固定失效与否分为A(内固定失效组)、B(内固定成功组)2组。观察指标:外侧壁厚度、外侧壁分型、尖顶距(TAD)、螺旋刀片头所在区域、正侧位X线片上远近端皮质对位差。结果 157例获得平均14.6(12~18)个月随访,24例(15.3%)出现内固定失效。11例髋内翻,2例退钉,2例内固定切割,18例复位丢失,4例股骨颈短缩。A组外侧壁厚度小于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组TAD30 mm者比例明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.386,P=0.003)。2组螺旋刀片头所在区域及正侧位X线片上远近端皮质对位差比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组Ⅱ、Ⅲ型外侧壁骨折占87.5%,而B组仅为36.1%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=32.305,P=0.001)。结论PFNA内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折时,股骨近端外侧壁的厚度过小,Ⅱ、Ⅲ型不稳定外侧壁骨折,以及TAD30 mm可能是发生内固定失效的危险因素。