耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌对替加环素不同体外药敏试验方法学评估

目的 比较不同药敏试验方法检测替加环素对耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)的敏感性。初步了解辽宁地区CRKP对替加环素的耐药情况，为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 回顾性收集辽宁省内多家大型三甲医院2011年1月-2016年12月分离的CRKP共269株，采用微量肉汤稀释法、KB纸片扩散法、Vitek-2仪器法及E试验法检测替加环素对CRKP的敏感性。结果 微量肉汤稀释法、E试验法、Vitek-2仪器法测定替加环素MIC50和MIC90分别为(0.5/1)、(0.25/0.5)和(0.5/4)μg/mL。按美国食品与药品监督管理局(FDA)和欧洲药敏试验委员会(EUCAST)判读标准，微量肉汤稀释法测得CRKP对替加环素的敏感率为97.4%/93.3%，中介率为2.2%/4.1%，耐药率为0.4%/2.6%。E试验法敏感率最高，为100%/98.9%，Vitek-2法耐药率最高，为8.6%/13.4%，纸片扩散法的中介率最高，为11.9%/46.5%。与微量肉汤稀释法比较，E试验法的基本一致率(EA)和分类一致率(CA)均≥90%，但存在重大误差(VME)，分别为0.4%/1.9%；Vitek-2法EA仅为61.7%，CA为87.4%/72.1%，且大误差(ME)为6.3%/7.4%，无VME；纸片扩散法CA仅为85.9%/46.5%，小误差(mE)为1.9%/2.6%，ME为0.7%/5.6%。结论 辽宁地区绝大多数CRKP对替加环素仍保持较高的敏感性。对于CRKP、E-试验法、Vitek-2仪器法和纸片扩散法均不适合单独检测替加环素敏感性，可考虑联合检测，若结果不一致，均应参考微量肉汤稀释法。     

Clinical implications,diagnosis,and management of diabetes in patients with chronic liver diseases

Diabetes mellitus(DM) negatively affects the development and progression of chronic liver diseases(CLD) of various etiologies. Concurrent DM and CLD are also associated with worse clinical outcomes with respect to mortality, the occurrence of hepatic decompensation, and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Unfortunately, early diagnosis and optimal treatment of DM can be challenging, due to the lack of established clinical guidelines as well as the medical complexity of this patient population. We conducted an exploratory review of relevant literature to provide an up-to-date review for internists and hepatologists caring for this patient population. We reviewed the epidemiological and pathophysiological associations between DM and CLD, the impact of insulin resistance on the progression and manifestations of CLD, the pathogenesis of hepatogenic diabetes, as well as the practical challenges in diagnosis and monitoring of DM in this patient population. We also reviewed the latest clinical evidence on various pharmacological antihyperglycemic therapies with an emphasis on liver disease-related clinical outcomes. Finally, we proposed an algorithm for managing DM in patients with CLD and discussed the clinical and research questions that remain to be addressed.     

Serum retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with insulin resistance in patients with early and untreated rheumatoid arthritis

ObjectiveRetinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), systemic inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) are linked, yet the determinants of RBP4 and its impact on IR in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of IR in RA and investigate whether the serum levels of RBP4 were associated with IR in patients with RA.MethodsIn this study, 403 individuals with newly diagnosed and untreated RA were consecutively recruited. We calculated the Disease Activity Score assessed using 28-joint counts for swelling and tenderness (DAS28). Levels of serum RBP4, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α were tested. IR was defined as Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index greater than or equal 2.40.ResultsIn those 403 patients, 68 (16.9%) were male and the median age was 43 years (IQR: 36–52). There was an evidently positive correlation between increased serum levels of RBP4 and increasing severity of RA (DAS28) (r = 0.403, P < 0.001). Furthermore, a modest positive correlation between levels of serum RBP4 and HOMA-IR score (r = 0.251; P < 0.0001) was found. Eighty-five patients (21.1%) in patients with RA were defined as IR (HOMA-IR ≥ 2.40), which was significantly higher than in normal cases (4.7%). In the patients with IR, serum levels of RBP4 were higher when compared with those in patients free-IR P < 0.001. The IR distribution across the quartiles of RBP4 ranged between 5.0% (first quartile) to 39.0% (fourth quartile), P for trend < 0.001. For each 1unit increase of RBP4, the unadjusted and adjusted risk of IR increased by 8% (OR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.05–1.11, P < 0.001) and 5% (1.05; 1.02–1.09, P = 0.001), respectively. When RBP4 was added to the model containing established significant risk factors, AUROC (standard error) was increased from 0.768 (0.025) to 0.807(0.021). A significant difference in the AUC between the established risk factors alone and the addition of RBP4 was observed (difference, 0.039[0.004]; P = 0.02).ConclusionElevated serum levels of RBP4 were associated with increased risk of IR and might be useful in identifying RA at risk for IR and/or impaired glucose tolerance for early prevention strategies, especially in obese and women patients     

Anxiety sensitivity as a mediator of the association between asthma and smoking

Objective: Despite its negative effects, smoking is more common among individuals with asthma compared to those without. Anxiety sensitivity (fear of arousal-related sensations) is associated with both smoking and asthma; however, no research, to date, has examined the interplay between these three factors. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the association between asthma diagnosis and smoking status. Methods: The current study was a secondary analysis of data from three existing datasets of non-smokers and smokers with and without asthma (n?=?433; 56.3% female, M_age?=?34.01 years, SD?=?13.9). Participants provided information on their asthma diagnosis status and smoking status and completed self-report measures. Results: As hypothesized, after controlling for gender, race and age, there was a significant indirect effect of asthma diagnosis on smoking status through anxiety sensitivity (95% CI?=?0.07–0.48). Conclusions: These results indicate that the association between asthma diagnosis and smoking status appears to be driven, in part, by anxiety sensitivity and suggest that anxiety sensitivity may serve as an important target for prevention and intervention efforts for smokers with asthma.     

Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident diabetes in subjects who are not obese

Background and aims

It is not known whether non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a risk factor for diabetes in non obese, non centrally-obese subjects. Our aim was to investigate relationships between fatty liver, insulin resistance and a biomarker score for liver fibrosis with incident diabetes at follow up, in subjects who were neither obese nor centrally-obese.

The vascular endothelium plays a role in insulin action

The endocrine system relies on the vasculature for delivery of hormones throughout the body, and the capillary microvasculature is the site where the hormones cross from the blood into the target tissue. Once considered an inert wall, various studies have now highlighted the functions of the capillary endothelium to regulate transport and therefore affect or maintain the interstitial environment. The role of the capillary may be clear in areas where there is a continuous endothelium, yet there also appears to be a role of endothelial cells in tissues with a sinusoidal structure. Here we focused on the most common endocrine disorder, diabetes, and several of the target organs associated with the disease, including skeletal muscle, liver and pancreas. However, it is important to note that the ability of hormones to cross the endothelium to reach their target tissue is a component of all endocrine functions. It is also a consideration in organs throughout the body and may have greater impact for larger hormones with target tissues containing a continuous endothelium. We noted that the blood levels do not always equal interstitial levels, which is what the cells are exposed to, and discussed how this may change in diseases such as obesity and insulin resistance. The capillary endothelium is, therefore, an essential and understudied aspect of endocrinology and metabolism that can be altered in disease, which may be an appropriate target for treatment.     

个体化糖尿病教育对初次使用胰岛素的2型糖尿病患者的疗效评价

目的探讨针对初次应用胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病患者开展个体化糖尿病教育的临床价值。方法对照组患者开展常规的糖尿病健康教育,观察组则在该基础上开展个体化糖尿病教育。结果两组健康教育前SDSCA-6依从性量表各维度评分较低;健康教育后观察组SDSCA-6依从性量表各维度评分均高于对照组(P<0.05);两组健康教育FPG、2 hPG、HbAlc前较高(P>0.05);健康教育后观察组FPG、2 hPG、HbAlc低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论对于首次应用胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病患者进行个体化的糖尿病教育可以有效提升其依从性,并更好的控制血糖水平。     

Variations in insulin requirements can be an early indicator of sepsis in burn patients

IntroductionA >25% increase in daily insulin dosing is suggestive of possible sepsis in burn patients, however, no conclusive evidence is available regarding the time point at which insulin dosing begins to increase. The purpose of this study is to determine the exact time point at which the insulin requirement increases among non-diabetic burn patients with sepsis.MethodsA retrospective chart review in non-diabetic burn patients with ≥20% total body surface area burned (TBSA) during 2010–2018 who received a blood culture for suspected sepsis. Absolute insulin dosing at intervals (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h prior to blood culture) were Box–Cox transformed and compared vs.?96 h reference using mixed-effects models accounting for within-patient dependencies.ResultsFifty-eight patients (84% males, age 44 ± 17 years, TBSA% 49 ± 17.5) were included. When cube root of daily insulin dosing was regressed on each time point in a mixed-effects model, statistically significant increase in insulin dosing compared to baseline was observed for ?48 (p = 0.018), ?24 (p = 0.011), and 0 h (p = 0.008).ConclusionDaily insulin dosing increases 48 h prior to development of other clinical signs of sepsis and can be used as a sensitive early marker.     

诺和锐胰岛素治疗儿童1型糖尿病的临床观察

目的:观察诺和锐胰岛素治疗儿童1型糖尿病的疗效。方法:对10例应用诺和灵短效胰岛素联合诺和灵中效胰岛素治疗的1型糖尿病患儿以超短效胰岛素诺和锐等量替代短效胰岛素联合诺和灵中效胰岛素治疗1个月,观察HbA1c等代谢指标变化。结果:用诺和锐治疗后患儿餐后2 h血糖、HbA1c显著下降,P<0．01,平均下降值分别为3．51±1．10 mmol／L与0．64％±0．19％。胰岛素用量与血脂无明显变化,P>0．05。治疗期间未发现明显低血糖。结论:超短效胰岛素诺和锐替代短效胰岛素可进一步控制餐后血糖．并显著降低HbA1c,有利于血糖控制。