Pathological laughter and crying in patients with multiple system atrophy-cerebellar type.

In the cerebellar type of multiple system atrophy (MSA-C), the burden of pathological changes involves the cerebellum and its associated brainstem structures in the basis pontis and the inferior olivary nucleus, and as a result, the clinical phenotype is dominated early on by the cerebellar dysfunction. We report our clinical and post mortem findings in a patient with MSA-C who exhibited pathological laughter in the absence of any congruent changes of mood. A review of the clinical notes of 27 other patients with MSA-C revealed a problem with pathological laughter, or crying, or both in 9 more patients. Our finding of about 36% occurrence suggests that the problem of dysregulation of emotional expression is more prevalent in MSA-C than the paucity of reports in the literature suggests. Our findings are consistent with the view that the cerebellum and its interconnected structures may be involved in the regulation of emotional expression.     

256例性病门诊患者安全性行为调查分析

目的:了解性病患者对安全性行为知识的知晓情况。方法:采用问卷方式对256例性病门诊患者进行安全套问题调查,并对所得数据进行统计分析。结果:从不使用安全套患者由初诊117例(45.7%)降到复诊时86例(33.6%);得知自己患性病后不用安全套与他人性交初诊118例(46.1%)下降到复诊时97例(37%);不用安全套与无性病症状的人性交会否感染性病回答不知道的由初诊58例(22.7%)下降到复诊时14例(5.5%)。结论:加大提倡使用安全套的宣传力度,提高人们对安全性行为的认识水平,提高安全套的使用率,是控制和预防性病及爱滋病经性接触传播流行的关键。     

行为干预对慢性乙型肝炎患者健康相关行为影响的研究

目的 观察行为干预对慢性乙型肝炎患者健康行为的影响。方法 将300例慢性乙型肝炎患者作为目标人群进行健康教育，建立目标人群管理档案，进行目标人群健康行为干预，比较教育前后相关行为的改变。结果 慢性乙型肝炎患者8项健康行为和8项危险健康行为有明显改观，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 通过行为干预，有效地使慢性乙型肝炎患者完全遵从医嘱合理用药，完全依从健康行为，从而减少危险行为的发生。     

Endogenous opioid-immunoreactive neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus concentrate estrogen in male and female rats

Estrogen stimulates expression of proenkephalin mRNA in neurons of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus, and evidence is accumulating that synaptic release of one of the peptide end products, met-enkephalin, influences events that regulate reproductive behavior. To address the question of whether estrogen acts directly on neurons that synthesize met-enkephalin or indirectly through a separate neuronal population, we combined estrogen autoradiography with endogenous opioid peptide (EOP) immunohistochemistry. In agreement with previous studies, the ventrolateral subdivision of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus was densely packed with EOP-immunoreactive cells. In males, 48% of the estrogen-concentrating cells of the ventrolateral subdivision of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus contained EOP, and, in females, 27% of the estrogen-concentrating cells contained EOP. These findings indicate that estrogen acts directly on neurons that express EOP and suggest a mechanism that underlies sexually differentiated reproductive behavior.     

农村居民艾滋病防治知识及高危行为调查研究

目的　通过对农村居民艾滋病 (AIDS)防治知识及高危行为的研究 ,为制定AIDS预防控制措施提供依据。方法　运用横断面调查研究方法 ,通过两阶段人群抽样对其AIDS防治知识及相关行为进行研究。结果　调查对象听说过AIDS的为 6 1.78% ;答对 0～ 3题为 5 6 .91% ,4～ 9题为 38.4 8% ,10～ 13题为 4 .5 5 % ;认为不可能感染艾滋病病毒的为 5 6 .94 % ,不清楚的为 38.38% ,有可能的为 4 .6 8%。 12人有卖血史 ,15人有性病史 ,在有性行为的 886人中 ,7.6 7%有过 1个以上多性伴。结论　农村居民AIDS知识匮乏 ,存在着相关危险行为。所以 ,我省预防AIDS的策略主要是开展健康教育积极推进健康促进 ,改善危险行为 ,提倡安全性行为和推广安全套的使用     

社区居民健康相关行为讨论与分析

目的了解当前社区居民中健康认知和主要健康相关行为，为深入开展健康教育提供科学依据。方法对黄浦区8个街道117个居委2546名居民分别召开座谈会，讨论并分析健康认知与健康相关行为。结果在2546名居民中对健康有正确认识的948人，占37．2％．自我评价身体状态为健康的531人，占20．9％，个人不健康行为位于前三位的是吸烟、不合理膳食和缺乏运动。团体不健康行为位于前三位的是出售不健康食品、食品污染和公共场所脏乱。结论健康相关行为受多因素及其多水平的影响，必须运用健康教育行为改变理念，采纳健康相关行为的生态学的观点，结合相关学科的方法，开展健康教育，促进人们的健康行为。     

Circling behavior in honey bees

Unilateral microinjections of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (ACh) and related substances into central parts of the brain of the honey bee elicit a quantifiable circling behavior. GABA (40 nl, 10(-2) M, muscimol (40 nl, 10(-4) M) and flaxedil (10(-3) M, 40 nl) induce contralateral circling whilst ACh (40 nl, 10(-2) M), nicotine (40 nl, 10(-4) M) and picrotoxin (40 nl, 10(-3) M) induce ipsilateral circling if injected in the proximity of the alpha-lobe (50-100 microns) of the of the mushroom body. Mechanical lesions of the pedunculus induce ipsilateral circling. This can be reversed by ipsilateral injections of GABA and flaxedil. Intracellular recordings demonstrate a hyperpolarizing effect of GABA and a depolarising effect of ACh on individual neurons in this region. These results suggest that circling behavior in the bee is controlled by the balance of GABA in the alpha-lobes and mediated by acetylcholinergic neurons.     

Influence of acetylcholine on neuronal activity of monkey amygdala during bar press feeding behavior

Single neuron activity in the monkey amygdala was investigated during cue signalled conditioned bar press feeding behavior and the effects of electrophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) and atropine were analyzed. ACh increased the firing rate of one third of the neurons tested; these excitatory responses were inhibited by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. No characteristic location of ACh-sensitive neurons was found, cells were diffusely distributed throughout the amygdala. Activity of ACh-sensitive neurons did not correlate with any particular event during the bar press feeding task. However, continuous application of ACh at low current intensity during the task significantly enhanced the task-related excitatory firing patterns, or markedly attenuated the inhibitory responses. Continuous application of atropine elicited or enhanced inhibitory response patterns. These results suggest that the cholinergic system of the monkey amygdala facilitates neuronal excitation but attenuates inhibition related to various phases of feeding behavior, such as to cue recognition, food aquisition and rewarding process.     

阿片类依赖者的社会心理因素分析

本文对２８４例自愿戒毒的阿片类依赖者的部分社会心理因素进行分析。３０ａ以下、初中以下文化的青年，特别是待业和个体户，性格不稳定者是阿片类物质滥用的高危人群，为预防的重点对象。阿片类依赖戒断治疗后的高复吸率，反映出目前的治疗仅注重戒断，忽视康复和回归社会后的随访工作。今后应在人力、财力方面向康复和社会随访方面转移和倾斜，方能真见成效。     

Preparation and evaluation of temperature sensitive liposomes containing adriamycin and cytarabine

Temperature sensitive liposomes (TSL) containing adriamycin (ADM) and cytarabine (Ara-C) were prepared. ADM and Ara-C were selected as model compounds of amphiphilic and hydrophilic drug, respectively. Encapsulation efficiency of ADM entrapped into TSL was about twice greater than that of Ara-C. It might be due to different polarity of the drugs. Lipid compositions of TSL had no effect on the encapsulation efficiency of drugs. Thermal behavior of TSL using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was also investigated. Phase transition temperature (T_c) of TSL was dependent on the lipid compositions of TSL.ADM broadened thermogram of TSL but Ara-C did not. However, T_c of TSL was not changed by any drug. Release rate of drugs was highly dependent on temperature. The release profile of ADM was similar to that of Ara-C. The maximum release rate of drugs from TSL was occurred at the near T_c and observed at 39–41°C for DPPC (Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) only, 52–54°C for DSPC (Distearoylphosphatidylcholine) only, 41–43°C for DPPC and DSPC (3∶1), and 43–45°C for DPPC and DSPC (1∶1), respectively. Effect of human serum albumin (HSA) on the release rate of ADM was investigated. HSA had no significant effect on the release of ADM below T_c. However, ADM release from TSL was increased at the near and above T_c. The HSA-induced leakage of drug may result from the interaction of liposomal constituents with HSA structure at the near T_c. From the fact that the release profiles of ADM from freshly prepared TSL and stored TSL for 1 week at 4°C was not changed, the TSL was considered to be stable for at least 1 week at 4°C. Based on these findings, TSL may be useful to deliver drugs to preheated target sites due to its thermal behaviors.