人体熵流的数学模型

伊·普利高津的耗散结构理论中，有一个著名的总熵变公式ｄｓ＝ｄｓｅ＋ｄｓｉ把上述公式用于人体研究，国内外尚未见报导。在前人对人体热力学系统研究的基础上，本文建立了一个人体熵流的数学模型，为进一步展开研究，提供了有力工具并奠定了可靠的理论基础。     

Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human nuclear factor kappa-B 2 gene identified by sequencing the entire gene

The nuclear factor kappa-B 2 (NFKB2) gene is a member of the NFKB/Rel gene family, which is known to be a pivotal regulator of the acute phase of the inflammatory response and of immune responses. We identified three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and determined their allelic frequencies, as determined by the sequencing of 48 alleles of the entire gene in a Japanese population sample. Two of the three polymorphisms were identified at nucleotide (nt) position 1837 (T/C) and nt position, 1867 (GG/G) in the upstream region of the gene. The other polymorphism was identified at nt position 2584 (G/T) within intron 1. These polymorphisms will be useful in genetic studies of the processes involved in inflammatory responses and in bone differentiation. Received: October 17, 2000 / Accepted: October 23, 2000     

Malignant melanoma in effusions: a source of false-negative cytodiagnoses

Melanoma, a not uncommon tumor, is associated with variable cytomorphology and unpredictable metastatic potential. Although most cytologic diagnoses of malignant melanoma represent metastatic disease, the diagnosis is frequently unsuspected clinically. Three effusions in which cells from metastatic melanomas were not diagnosed are described. Clinical factors that may have contributed to the erroneous cytodiagnoses are illustrated. Cytologic features and adjunctive studies that are helpful in identifying melanoma cells are discussed.     

Loss of membranous E-cadherin expression in pancreatic cancer: Correlation with lymph node metastasis,high grade,and advanced stage

Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) is a Ca²⁺-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule that connects cells via homotypic interactions. Its function is critical in the induction and maintenance of cell polarity and differentiation, and its loss of downregulation is associated with an invasive and poorly differentiated phenotype in colon and other tumours. We have used an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique to localize E-cadherin in microwave-treated, paraffin-embedded sections from 36 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas. E-cadherin was expressed by normal ductal and acinar cells with typical membranous staining at the intercellular junctions. Loss of normal surface E-cadherin expression was found in 19/36 (53 per cent) tumours compared to the adjacent normal ductal cells. Abnormal E-cadherin expression was found more frequently in poorly differentiated (grade III) (6/7, 86 per cent) than in well-differentiated tumours (grade I) (4/14, 28 per cent) (P=0·012). Membranous E-cadherin expression was also lost more frequently in primary tumours with lymph node (stage III) (14/23, 61 per cent) and distant metastasis (stage IV) (2/2, 100 per cent) compared with 3/11 (27 per cent) lymph node-negative tumours (stage I) (P=0·043). In conclusions, our data indicate that loss of membranous E-cadherin expression is associated with high grade and advanced stage in pancreatic cancer.     

Migration and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in autoimmune mice of different ages

Migration and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells were studied in autoimmune (NZB×NZW)F₁ mice of different ages. Migration of stem cells was shown to be reduced in old (NZB×NZW)F₁ mice. Irrespective of age, inhibition of differentiation of stem cells along the granuloid path of development was observed in (NZB×NZW)F₁ mice. It is suggested that in (NZB×NZW)F₁ mice there is either a defect of development of the T-lymphocyte subpopulation influencing differentiation of stem cells along the granuloid pathway or a genetic defect at the level of precursors of the granulocyte series (CFU_C).Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 224–226, February, 1980.     

Ultrastructure du fuseau neuro-musculaire chez l'homme

Summary The ultrastructure of the muscle spindles has been studied in human lumbrical muscles. The findings have been compared with the morphology of muscle spindles of rat and sheep examined with light and electron microscopy. The study is based on cross and longitudinal sections of the entire muscle spindle obtained by dissection. The different components of the spindle are described with special reference to the nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres. These nuclei have been examined in human adult and newborn material and compared to the animal ones. ADN measurements revealed that although there are morphological differences between the two kinds of nuclei in human newborn spindles, the amount of ADN is the same as well in the nuclear bag as in the nuclear chain nuclei. Special attention is also given to the sensory and motor endings in the muscle spindles and to the presence of Pacinian corpuscules in these receptors. Finally two kinds of leptomeric organelles are described in human material.

     

Absence of aluminium in neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer''s disease

Using the new technique of nuclear microscopy, aluminium is not detected in pyramidal neurons in brain tissue from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The analytical technique of nuclear microscopy can simultaneously image and analyse features in unstained and untreated tissue sections. In tissue which had been previously subjected to conventional procedures such as fixation and osmication, aluminium was observed in both neurons and surrounding tissue. This result shows that the analysis of tissue prepared using conventional chemical techniques may produce contamination or elemental redistribution, and supports our previous investigations which implied that aluminium is not involved in the aetiology of AD. In addition, significant increases in iron, phosphorus and sulphur concentrations were noted between neurons from Alzheimer tissue and neurons from age-matched controls, and between the supporting Alzheimer tissue and supporting control tissue, implying an overall increase in these elements. No significant increase in calcium was observed between neurons from Alzheimer tissue and neurons from age-matched controls.     

Integrin α6 expression in human prostate carcinoma cells is associated with a migratory and invasive phenotypein vitro andin vivo

Cell adhesion and migration are important features in tumor invasion, being mediated in part by integrins (extracellular matrix receptors). Integrins are significantly decreased in human prostate cancer. An exception is 6 integrin (laminin receptor) which persists during prostate tumor progression. We have selected high (DU-H) and low (DU-L) expressors of 6 integrin from a human prostate tumor cell line, DU145, to assess experimentally the importance of 6 integrin in tumor invasion. DU-H cells exhibited a four-fold increased expression of 6 integrin on the surface compared to DU-L cells. Both cell types contained similar amounts of 3 and 5 integrin. The DU-H cells contained 6 subunits complexed with both the 1 and 4 subunits whereas DU-L cells contained 6 complexed only with 4. DU-H cells were three times more mobile on laminin as compared to DU-L, but adhered similarly on laminin. Adhesion and migration were inhibited with anti-6 antibody. Each subline was injected intraperitoneally into SCID mice to test its invasive potential. Results showed greater invasion of DU-H compared to DU-L cells, with increased expression of a6 integrin on the tumor at the areas of invasion. These data suggest that 6 integrin expression is advantageous for prostate tumor cell invasion.     

A biological context for the self-nonself discrimination and the regulation of effector class by the immune system

An effective immune response to an antigen requires two sets of decisions: Decision 1, the sorting of the repertoire, and Decision 2, the regulation of effector class. The repertoire, because it is somatically generated, large, and random, must be sorted by a somatic mechanism that subtracts those specificities (anti-self) that, if expressed, would debilitate the host, leaving a residue (anti-nonself) that, if not expressed, would result in the death of the host by infection. The self-nonself discrimination is the metaphor used to describe Decision 1, the sorting of the repertoire. In order to be functional, the sorted repertoire must be coupled to a set of biodestructive and ridding effector functions, such that the response to each antigen is treated in a coherent and independent manner. Although a reasonably complete framework for Decision 1 exists, Decision 2 lacks conceptualization. The questions that must be considered to arrive at a proper framework are posed. It should be emphasized that manipulation at the level of Decision 2 is where clinical applications are likely to be found.