山药配方颗粒溶化性差的原因分析与解决策略

山药配方颗粒由山药饮片经水煎煮提取、分离、浓缩、干燥、制粒而成,具有调剂简单、使用方便、免煎易服等优势。然而,因山药富含淀粉与黏液质类成分,其提取物粉末与配方颗粒溶化性差,在5 min内难以完全溶化或分散,不溶物即使在水中静置24 h也难以完全溶散,影响了配方颗粒的质量评价与患者的服药心理。因此,通过研究山药提取物及其配方颗粒的溶化过程与机制,发现山药特殊的化学组成、高温提取过程中淀粉的变性及其与蛋白质等物质的复合、喷雾干燥过程中“衣膜”的收缩形成等因素综合叠加,最终形成“衣膜”包覆淀粉粒的特殊微观结构,是山药配方颗粒溶化性差的根本原因。基于课题组前期对粉体结构-性质-功能的研究,笔者提出采用粉体改性工艺改善山药配方颗粒溶化性的技术策略,并通过实验证明改性处理后的山药配方颗粒能在2 min内实现全部溶散,解决了该技术难题,可为其他类似品种的溶化性改善提供借鉴,推动中药配方颗粒产业的高质量发展。     

Evaluation of an Ileorectostomised Rat Model for Resistant Starch Determination

The human ileostomy model, widely considered the benchmark for determining in vivo starch digestibility, has disadvantages. The ileorectostomised rat model (IRM) is a possible surrogate but evidence as to its validity is scant. In this preliminary study, the resistant starch (RS) content of test breads made from refined low (LAW-R) and high amylose wheat (HAW-R) flours was established in a randomised cross-over trial involving six human ileostomy participants. Starch digestibility of refined breads and diets made from these flours was then evaluated in ileorectostomised rats using a similar experimental format. Physical performance measures and other data were also collected for the rat model. The amount of RS in the low- and high-amylose breads as measured using the human model was 0.8 ± 0.1 and 6.5 ± 0.3 g/100 g, respectively. The RS level of HAW-R bread determined using ileorectostomised rats was 5.5 ± 0.8 g/100 g, about 15% less than that recorded in the human study, whereas for conventional wheat breads the models produced similar RS values. While offering promise, further validation using a wide variety of starchy food products is needed before the IRM can be considered an acceptable alternative for RS determination.     

The Impact of Diet and Fibre Fractions on Plasma Adipocytokine Levels in Prediabetic Adults

The impact of diet and fibre fractions on adipocytokines in obese subjects with a risk of diabetes has not been investigated in detail yet. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of a 12-month lifestyle intervention with different fibre profiles (resistant starch (RS)—rich fibre, or ordinary food fibre profiles) on adipocytokine levels. Fifty participants are divided into two groups (RS group and Fibre group). The groups differ only in the percentage of the recommended level of the RS consumed as a fraction of the same total fibre amount. The applied dietary intervention includes intake of 7531 KJ/daywith a total fibre portion of 25–35 g/dayfor both groups that includes 15 g/day of RS for the RS group only. The levels of leptin, adiponectin, apelin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and C-reactive protein (CRP) are measured, and their relationship to anthropometric and biochemical parameters is estimated. Along with significant body weight loss, only leptin is significantly reduced by 13% in the RS group while in the Fibre group, apelin levels are significant (−21%). Polynomial regression shows a negative correlation between RS intake and adiponectin (R2 = 0.145) and resistin level (R2 = 0.461) in the RS group. This study indicates the possibility that fibre fractions differently influence the outcome of lifestyle interventions, as well as their adipocytokine levels, in obese prediabetic adults.     

Association between Fruit and Vegetable Intakes and Mental Health in the Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle Cohort

Increasing prevalence of mental health disorders within the Australian population is a serious public health issue. Adequate intake of fruits and vegetables (FV), dietary fibre (DF) and resistant starch (RS) is associated with better mental and physical health. Few longitudinal studies exist exploring the temporal relationship. Using a validated food frequency questionnaire, we examined baseline FV intakes of 5845 Australian adults from the AusDiab study and estimated food group-derived DF and RS using data from the literature. Perceived mental health was assessed at baseline and 5 year follow up using SF-36 mental component summary scores (MCS). We conducted baseline cross-sectional analysis and prospective analysis of baseline dietary intake with perceived mental health at 5 years. Higher baseline FV and FV-derived DF and RS intakes were associated with better 5 year MCS (p < 0.001). A higher FV intake (754 g/d vs. 251 g/d, Q4 vs. Q1) at baseline had 41% lower odds (OR = 0.59: 95% CI 0.46–0.75) of MCS below population average (<47) at 5 year follow up. Findings were similar for FV-derived DF and RS. An inverse association was observed with discretionary food-derived DF and RS. This demonstrates the association between higher intakes of FV and FV-derived DF and RS with better 5 year mental health outcomes. Further RCTs are necessary to understand mechanisms that underlie this association including elucidation of causal effects.     

Resistant Starch Production and Glucose Release from Pre‐Prepared Chilled Food: The SPUD Project

With an increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide, effective dietary strategies for blood glucose control are crucial. As carbohydrates make up approximately 50% of the diet, it is neither practical nor advisable to avoid them altogether. Most of the carbohydrate in the diet is derived from starch, found in potatoes, pasta, rice and bread. These foods are often processed in some way before consumption, yet little is known about the effects processing, such as chilling and reheating, has on the glycaemic response, particularly when the food is consumed in the context of a mixed meal. This article introduces the SPUD project, a BBSRC DRINC‐funded initiative. Taking the potato as the model carbohydrate, this project will investigate, via in vitro and in vivo studies, the effects of domestic food processing techniques on the glycaemic response. A final study, utilising intrinsically labelled potato and a dual stable isotope methodology, will model glucose flux data to determine the underlying mechanisms of action.     

含碘血浆对动物的毒性作用研究

目的 观察经交联淀粉碘及紫外处理的血浆静脉输入后对动物的毒性作用。方法 将鸡作为实验动物,采用自动生化分析仪、酶联等技术,观察输用消毒血浆后鸡的肝、肾及甲状腺功能变化。结果 连续５ｄ,每日给鸡静脉输入血浆１０ｍｌ后,试验组动物与对照组相比其肝、肾及甲状腺功能指标变化差异不显著。结论 适量消毒血浆的输入对试验动物无毒性作用。     

长沙地区汉族人群红细胞EsD和PGM1的分布研究

本文采用琼脂糖、水解淀粉混合凝胶电泳法同时分析血液EsD、PGM1二种酶型。调查了这二种酶的表型分布和基因频率及其识别能力 ,并与不同地区、不同国家和不同民族进行比较研究。此法可用于个人识别和亲权鉴定     

气相色谱法测定羟乙基淀粉摩尔取代级

目的:建立一种快速、准确的羟乙基淀粉摩尔取代级测定方法。方法:以氢碘酸水解羟乙基淀粉中的羟乙基成碘乙烷,用气相色谱法测定。色谱柱:CP-Sil 5CB(10％甲基硅酮,25 m ×0.25 mm,膜厚0.4μm),检测器:氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),柱温:100℃,进样器温度:200℃,检测器温度:300℃,载气:N_2,流速:1mL·min~(-1),分流比:1:3O,内标:甲苯,对照品:碘乙烷。结果:方法重现性良好,RSD为2.7％(n=5);回收率为98.2％(n=5)。分析了5批样品,结果与用Zeisel法测定结果基本一致。结论:本方法分离效率高,专属性好,可作为该品种摩尔取代级的测定方法。     

蚯蚓纤溶酶的药用淀粉化学修饰

用活化的药用淀粉对蚯蚓纤溶酶进行化学修饰 ,并筛选优化了化学修饰条件。其中以 1mg/ml的淀粉二醛对相同体积的酶液 (酶的比活力为 390U/mg蛋白质 ;底物为酪蛋白 )进行修饰 ,于4℃反应 2h ,制备的修饰酶效果最佳。实验结果表明 ,修饰酶的Kmapp(底物为碱性氨基酸的酯 )为 8.6 9× 10 5mg/ml,较原酶降低了近 2倍 ,修饰酶的反应最适 pH值为 8.6 ,原酶为 7.2 ;原酶和修饰酶的反应最适温度均为5 5℃。     

6%羟乙基淀粉急性高容血液稀释对围术期肺癌患者凝血功能的影响

目的 用6％羟乙基淀粉（hydroxyethyl starch，HES）溶液行急性高容血液稀释（acute hypervolemic hemodilution，AHHD），观察其对肺癌患者围手术期凝血功能的影响。方法择期行肺癌根治术患者40例，随机分为2个组：6％羟乙基淀粉（HES）组和对照组（每组20例）。HES组麻醉前快速输注6％HES（15ml／kg，于30min内），术中的失血量用等量的HES溶液补充，其余的液体需要量用乳酸钠林格氏液（RL）补充。对照组仅输注RL，不实施AHHD。检测输注液体前（T1）、手术开始后5min（T2）、术毕30min（T3）、术后6h（T4）时的血栓弹力图参数反应时间（R）、凝血时间（K）、α角（ANG）、最大振幅（MA）以及凝血酶原时间（PT）、激活的部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、血小板数目（PLT）。结果HES组：T2、T3、T4时的ANG、MA均低小于对照组；T2、T3、T4时的凝血时间、PT、APTT、TT均长于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0、01）；T2、T3、T4时的PLT均低于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0、01）。HES组T3、T4时的各项凝血指标与T1时比较无明显差异（P〉0.05）；对照组：T3、T4时的ANG、MA均大于T1时；凝血时间、PT、APTT、TT均短于T1（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。2组的失血量比较无统计学差异。结论 用6％HES行AHHD对围术期肺癌患者能产生一定的抗凝效果，这对本来就存在凝血功能亢进的肿瘤患者的预后及康复有积极意义。