我国大病医疗保险报销规则研究

大病医疗保险中的道德风险对医疗保险基金的可持续运行带来挑战。本文对能够减少道德风险的大病医保报销模式展开了研究。理论分析表明,在最大化社会总福利的目标下,应对选择低费用治疗方案的消费者提供补贴,对选择高费用治疗方案的消费者设定自付比例。模拟表明这种差异化报销规则相对于单一报销规则,降低了医疗费用和医疗保险费。本文还对模拟所用的参数选择进行了敏感性检验,结果表明,不同的参数选择不会改变本文所揭示的机理。     

An Urn Model for Odds-Ratio-Based Response-Adaptive Phase III Clinical Trials for Two or More Treatments

Adaptive data-dependent allocation designs are used in phase III clinical trials having two or more competing treatments with sequential entrance of patients, in order to allocate a larger number of patients to the better treatment. The odds ratio is a popular concept for biomedical practitioners; hence, odds-ratio-based adaptive designs could be very useful in practice. Rosenberger et al. (2001 Rosenberger , W. F. , Vidyashankar , A. N. , Agarwal , D. K. ( 2001 ). Covariate-adjusted response-adaptive designs for binary response . J. Biopharm. Stat. 11 : 227 – 236 .[Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) introduced an odds-ratio-based two-treatment response-adaptive design; however, they did not study the properties in details. In this article, we describe these designs by means of urn models and provide limiting results for them. Some properties of the design are also studied numerically. We compare the performance of the proposed design with some possible competitors with respect to a few criteria. A real dataset is used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed design. Thus, we provide a base for using odds-ratio-based response-adaptive designs in practice. We extend our design for covariates and also for more than two treatments. In particular, we study the three-treatment design in this article.     

Estimation Strategies for Reacting to the Identification of an Association Between the Genome and Adverse Drug Reactions

The availability of high-resolution genetic profiling raises the possibility, during the course of a drug development program, of discovering a subset of patients at particular risk of an adverse drug reaction who might be excluded from subsequent randomization into studies and identified as unsuitable for post-licensing use. Such methods depend on the estimation of the risk of adverse drug reactions for patients with differing genetic profiles followed by an assessment of the risks and benefits of their exposure to the drug. In this paper we explore the performance of a number alternative statistical methods for the estimation of risk in terms of the success of the subsequent exclusion rules. The approaches were evaluated using a single-nucleotide polymorphism dataset concerning HIV patients at risk of hypersensitivity to the drug abacavir. Overall we found that a method based on LASSO performed better than the alternatives that we studied, which included a decision-theoretic Bayesian approach, and that its performance suggested suitability for its prospective implementation.     

Dermal absorption and hydrolysis of methylparaben in different vehicles through intact and damaged skin: Using a pig-ear model in vitro

Currently, there is a trend to reduce of parabens use due to concern about the safety of their unmetabolised forms. This paper focused on dermal absorption rate and effectiveness of first-pass biotransformation of methylparaben (MP) under in-use conditions of skincare products. 24-h exposure of previously frozen intact and tapestripped (20 strips) pig-ear skin to nine vehicles containing 0.1% MP (AD, applied dose of 10 μg/cm²), resulted in 2.0–5.8%AD and 2.9–7.6%AD of unmetabolised MP, and 37.0–73.0%AD and 56.0–95.0%AD of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively, in the receptor fluid. The absorption rate of MP was higher from emulsions than from hydrogels, from enhancer-containing vehicles than from enhancer-free vehicles, and when skin was damaged. Experiments confirmed that the freezing of pig-ear skin slightly reduces hydrolysis of MP.After 4-h exposure of intact freshly excised and intact frozen stored skin, amount of <LOQ-2.3%AD and 2.3–3.3%AD unmetabolised MP, respectively, were found in the receptor fluid. Taking into account the number of useful properties of MP, but also the potential of systemic availability of unmetabolised MP, we consider that MP is more suitable for preserving rinse-off topical products than for leave-on products. Risk of systemic absorption of parabens should also be explored via the skin with damaged barrier.     

中药防治放射性口腔干燥症用药规律的探讨

目的探讨中医药防治放射性口腔干燥症的用药规律,为临床应用提供参考。方法对1998年至2010年期间有关放射性口腔干燥症的文献进行统计分析,文献入选标准为：口腔损伤系放射治疗所致,有完整方剂且用中药汤剂治疗。结果查询到相关方剂103首,用药114味;常用中药为补虚药、清热药;其中使用频次在前10位的中药有麦冬、玄参、生地、茯苓、白芍、山药、金银花、丹皮、丹参、五味子。结论治疗放射性口腔干燥症主要以养阴润燥、清热解毒为主。     

Requiring Consent vs. Waiving Consent for Medical Records Research: A Minnesota Law vs. the U.S. (HIPAA) Privacy Rule

The use of medical records in research can yield information that is difficult to obtain by other means. When such records are released to investigators in identifiable form, however, substantial privacy and confidentiality risks may be created. These risks become more common and more serious as medical records move to an electronic format. In 1996, the state of Minnesota enacted legislation with respect to consent requirements for the use of medical records in research. This legislation has been widely criticized because--it is claimed--it creates an unnecessary impediment to research. In this article, we show that these arguments rest upon misinterpretation and/or misrepresentation of the 1996 legislation. A consent requirement had actually been present in Minnesota since 1976 (though codified in a patient rights statute rather than a privacy statute). The 1996 law does not require specific consent, as often claimed, but rather only a general authorization. The campaign against the Minnesota legislation appears to have been motivated by concern with respect to the then impending federal privacy rule. The HIPAA rule, as enacted, is in fact less stringent with respect to consent than the Minnesota consent law. On the other hand, the Minnesota consent law has not been effectively applied or enforced. As we change the way we manage sensitive medical information, new efforts are needed to provide protection against the confidentiality risks in research. Patient consent is an important tool in this regard. New instrumentalities are needed to solicit and document consent.     

Utilitarian Theories Reconsidered: Common Misconceptions, More Recent Developments, and Health Policy Implications

Despite the prevalence of the terms utilitarianism and utilitarian in the health care and health policy literature, anecdotal evidence suggests that authors are often not fully aware of the diversity of utilitarian theories, their principles, and implications. Further, it seems that authors often categorically reject utilitarianism under the assumption that it violates individual rights. The tendency of act utilitarianism to neglect individual rights is attenuated, however, by the diminishing marginal utility of wealth and the disutility of a protest by those who are disadvantaged. In practice, act utilitarians tend to introduce moral rules and preserve traditional rules. At the same time, the tenability of rule utilitarianism is limited because it ultimately collapses into act utilitarianism or a deontological theory. Negative utilitarianism is a viable utilitarian variant only if we accept complete aversion to suffering, ie, if we disregard any forgone opportunities to increase pleasure. Finally, the adoption of preference utilitarianism requires us to accept the subjectivity of individual claims which may be perceived as unfair.     

近5年中医药治疗胆汁反流性胃炎用药规律研究

[目的]基于中医传承辅助平台软件,分析和总结中医药治疗胆汁反流性胃炎的用药规律,为进一步挖掘中医药治疗胆汁反流性胃炎及新药研发提供参考。[方法]检索收集Pub Med、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据知识服务平台和维普数据库收录的近5年中医药治疗胆汁反流性胃炎的文献并建立方剂数据库,运用中医传承辅助平台软件对方剂数据库进行四气、五味、归经分布,频次统计、组方规律、药物间关联度、核心组合、新方分析,挖掘其中的用药规律。[结果]筛选出治疗胆汁反流性胃炎的方剂239个,确定了处方中药物出现的频次,常用对药组合,演化得到新处方16个。[结论]近5年现代期刊文献中收录治疗胆汁反流性胃炎的中药药性以温、寒为主,药味以苦、辛为主,归经以脾、胃为主,药物功效以疏肝和胃、利胆泄热、散结消痞、清热燥湿和补脾理气为主,体现了胆汁反流性胃炎的临床治疗原则。     

基于关联规则挖掘的中药治疗心血管疾病组分配伍规律研究

通过数据挖掘,揭示组分与组分、组分与证型的关系,从组分层面解析中药治疗心血管疾病的配伍规律,为中医临床基于病证结合采用组分中药治疗疾病提供依据。通过对近20年期刊文献数据中关键点的采集及结构化加工,采用关联规则挖掘算法,对治疗心血管疾病的中药(中药材/饮片)、中成药及相关组分的研究结果进行挖掘分析。结果筛选出与临床治疗心血管疾病关联度较高的组分配伍,发现了新的配伍形式,印证或推测出构成单味中药和中药复方的药效物质基础和/或可能的组分配伍,揭示组分配伍与疾病、中医证型之间的关联关系。基于关联规则挖掘,可为组分配伍与优化提供新的思路和方法,为组分中药研发提供技术支撑。     

基于中医传承辅助平台中医药治疗痛风性肾病的组方规律分析

目的:基于中医传承辅助平台(V2.5),分析并总结出中医药治疗痛风性肾病的组方用药规律。方法:收集中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)中运用中药处方治疗痛风性肾病的文献,筛选并录入中药处方,建立数据库,运用中医传承辅助平台,采用软件集成的数据挖掘方法,分析治疗痛风性肾病的处方用药规律。结果:筛选出治疗痛风性肾病处方共166首,涉及中药219味,得出药物用药频次,将支持度设置为24,得出常用药物组合34个,演化出核心组合43个,新处方10首。结论:CNKI中治疗痛风性肾病的处方以健脾益肾、清热祛湿化痰、泄浊化瘀为主。