The effect of a high calory diet on hormonal changes in young men during prolonged physical strain and sleep deprivation

Summary Major changes occur in the serum level of several hormones during 5 days of heavy and continuous physical activities, with less than a total of 2 h of sleep. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the importance of caloric deficiency, energy requirement being about 8,000–10,000 kcal/24 h. A comparison between well fed subjects and those with food deprivation revealed significantly higher levels of (T₃) triiodothyronin, insulin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the well-fed subjects, who also had lower levels of growth hormone (hGH) and cortisol, whereas no difference was found between the two groups for thyroxin (T₄). Increased levels were found for T₃ and T₄ in both groups during the first day of activity, with a concomitant decrease in TSH and a subsequent decrease of T₄ during the next 2 days. T₃ decreased only in the low-calory group whereas increased levels were found in the iso-calory group throughout the course. The resting levels of insulin decreased during the course in the low-calory group whereas it increased in the iso-calory group. High levels were maintained throughout the course for hGH. Cortisol showed high levels just before the start of the course and then decreased from day 2 to day 4. No difference was found between the morning and evening levels for cortisol, indicating disappearance of the circadian rhythm. The present investigation has shown that energy deficiency during prolonged physical strain is responsible for the decreased serum levels of T₃ and insulin and may contribute to the decrease in TSH and the increase in hGH and cortisol.     

Endocrine and metabolic abnormalities following kidney transplantation

Summary Various endocrine and metabolic disturbances associated with long standing uremia persist after kidney transplantation or arise from the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Hyperlipidemia for long time being implicated as the cause of corticosteroids is also observed in renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporin A monotherapy. After conversion from cyclosporin to azathioprine serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentration fall, and elevation of LDL-cholesterol may also be reversed. There is a tendency for higher HDL-cholesterol in azathioprine and prednisolone treated transplant patients. Those patients who are at risk for clinically significant cholesterol elevations can be predicted by their pretransplant lipid levels, specifically the LDL-fraction. Risk-benefit ratio of conversion and of treatment with lipid-lowering drugs, especially with lovastatin, should be carefully examined, also in view of glucose intolerance.Higher incidence of diabetes mellitus requiring insulin therapy in cyclosporin treated transplant recipients has been reported. Cyclosporin may cause toxic effects on pancreatic beta-cells resulting in inhibition of insulin secretion. High doses of cyclosporin induce inhibition of glycogen synthesis in rat liver. Glucose intolerance is reversible after reduction of cyclosporin dose or conversion to azathioprine. Therefore glucose metabolism in kidney transplant recipients treated with cyclosporin should be carefully followed.Immunosuppressive therapy may affect reproductive function, arachidonate metabolism and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as well as posttransplant calcium and phophate metabolism.Endocrine and metabolic abnormalities are associated with long standing uremia. After successful kidney transplantation several observations are normalized but further complications arise from the use of immunosuppressive drugs. The present paper reviews various endocrine and metabolic disturbances described following renal transplantation.     

Stability of intracranial self-stimulation following hypophysectomy

The possibility of a hypothalamo-pituitary involvement in the intracranial self-stimulation phenomenon was investigated. Threshold and optimal stimulation currents were identified by means of the method of limits, in rats with bipolar electrodes implanted in the lateral hypothalamus. Total or sham hypophysectomies were performed after the establishment of these current values, and found to have no effect on reinforcing brain stimulation. It was concluded that a hypothalamo-pituitary mechanism does not subserve reinforcing brain stimulation.     

The influence of the initial state of hydration on endocrine responses to exercise in the heat

Summary This study examines the effect of the initial state of hydration on hormone responses to prolonged exercise in the heat. Five subjects at two initial hydration levels (hypohydrated and hyperhydrated) were exposed to a 36°C environment for 3 h of intermittent exercise. During exercise, the subjects were either fluid-deprived, or rehydrated with water or an isotonic electrolyte sucrose solution (ISO). Both the stress hormones, adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol, and the main fluid regulatory hormones, aldosterone, renin activity (PRA) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), were measured in blood samples taken every hour. Prior hyperhydration significantly reduced initial AVP, aldosterone and PRA levels. However, except for AVP, which responded to exercise significantly less in previously hyperhydrated subjects (p<0.05), the initial hydration state did not influence the subsequent vascular and hormonal responses when the subjects were fluid-deprived while exercising. Concurrent rehydration, either with water or with ISO, reduced or even abolished the hormonal responses. There were no significant differences according to the initial hydration state, except for PRA responses, which were significantly lower (p<0.01) in previously hyperhydrated subjects who also received water during exercise. These results indicate that prior hydration levels influence only slightly the hormonal responses to prolonged exercise in the heat. Progressive rehydration during exercise, especially when extra electrolytes are given, is more efficient in maintaining plasma volume and osmolarity and in reducing the hormonal responses.     

Effects of hormones and lactation on gerbils that seldom scent mark spontaneously

Mongolian gerbils scent mark by rubbing low-lying objects with a ventral scent gland. In males and females that regularly scent mark, the behavior is regulated by gonadal steroid hormones, but the influence of hormones on the scent marking behavior of low- or zero-marking gerbils was unclear. The studies reported here demonstrate that injections of testosterone or of estrogen plus progesterone can stimulate scent marking in some low-marking females but fail to do so in others. Lactation was much more effective for inducing scent marking, but again not all females responded. Although most low- or zero-marking females regularly scent marked while lactating, lactation exaggerated premating differences in marking levels. Very few zero-marking male gerbils exhibited scent marking when castrated and treated with testosterone. In both sexes, scent gland size responded to hormone stimulation even when marking behavior did not.     

Hormonal control of odor preferences and urine-marking in male and female rats

Gonadectomized male and female rats show no preferences for the odors of conspecifics of the opposite sex and no urine-marking. Castrated males given testosterone propionate (TP) injections showed preferences for female odors over no odor as did males given estradiol benzoate (EB). Males given EB plus progesterone (P), P only, or oil (controls) showed no preferences for female odors. No group of ovariectomized females (TP, EB, EB+P, or oil injected) showed a preference for male odors over no odor. Males given TP, EB, or EB+P injections showed an increase in urine-marking while males given P or oil showed no marking. Females given TP injections showed an increase in marking but those given EB, EB+P or oil showed no marking. These results are discussed in relation to studies on the hormonal control of scent-marking in gerbils and sexual behaviour in rats.     

2型糖尿病与钙,磷代谢及相关激素的关系

目的 观察２型糖尿病患者钙、磷代谢及相关激素的变化及对骨代谢的影响。方法 测定２０例健康对照者和６０例２型糖尿病患者血甲状旁腺素（ＰＴＨ）、降钙素（ＣＴ）、２５羟维生素Ｄ３「「２５（ＯＨ）Ｄ３」」、环磷酸腺苷（ｃＡＭＰ）和血、尿钙（Ｃａ）、磷（Ｐ）、镁（Ｍｇ）,糖基化血红蛋白（ＨｂＡｌｃ）、２４ｈ尿和２４ｈ尿白蛋白定量等指标。结果 ２型糖尿病患者血ＰＴＨ水平显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＣＴ水平     

关于大肠癌内分泌细胞及其分泌激素意义的研究

目的了解内分泌型癌细胞（ＥＣ）及其分泌的部分激素在大肠癌中的表达,探讨其与大肠癌临床病理及预后的关系。方法应用免疫组化法对１１７例大肠癌中嗜铬蛋白Ａ（ＣＧＡ）及５种激素进行检测,其中１３例行电镜观察。结果４６例（３９．３％）含有ＣＧＡ阳性细胞（即ＥＣ）,其中３９例中２７例（６９．２％）检测到１种以上激素,ＥＣ阳性组淋巴结转移的发生率（６３．０％）高于阴性组（３９．４％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）,中低分化癌组ＥＣ（＋＋）的表达率（２５．５％）明显高于高分化癌组（６．９％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）,含ＥＣ的大肠癌生存期短,是评估预后的一个独立因子。激素５－ＨＴ、β－ＨＣＧ、ＧＬＵ、ＧＡＳＴ阳性的癌组织,分化及预后较差（Ｐ＞０．０５）。电镜观察与免疫组化检测大肠癌ＥＣ符合率达９２．３％。结论部分大肠癌中含分泌某些激素的ＥＣ,ＥＣ阳性的大肠癌组织分化差,易发生淋巴结转移,预后不良,可能与ＥＣ中某些激素产物促进肿瘤生长转移有关。     

激素局部注射治疗儿童瘢痕的疗效分析

目的 探讨肾上腺皮质激素(醋酸曲安奈德)局部注射对儿童增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩的治疗效果及预防瘢痕形成的疗效。方法 对增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩及预防性注射治疗的患儿473例，共行1514次醋酸曲安奈德局部注射，观察临床效果并进行回顾性分析、评价和总结。结果 增生性瘢痕治疗效果良好，有效率达100％，对关节部位瘢痕的挛缩有明显减轻和预防的作用。瘢痕疙瘩直接注射效果较差，手术切除术后，进行预防性注射可收到良好效果。其余手术后经预防性注射，无增生性瘢痕发生。注射期间28例出现早期Cushings综合征表现，停药半年后消失，随访5年以上，无生长发育异常。结论 小剂量激素局部注射是治疗和预防儿童增生性瘢痕、瘢痕疙瘩的较为安全、可靠、有效的非手术治疗方式之一。     

桔梗扦插繁殖试验

对桔梗进行扦插繁殖试验，结果看出：用茎基部作插条的成活率最高（５２．２３％），茎梢部作插条成活率很低（１．１１％）；用激素处理可大大提高插条的成活率，其中ＮＡＡ（萘乙酸）１００ｐｐｍ处理３ｈ最显著，比对照组提高２３．３３％；扦插基质湿度过大，会引起插条腐烂。