阿仑膦酸钠加雌孕激素治疗绝经后骨量减少及观察消化道副作用

目的评价阿仑膦酸钠加雌孕激素，阿仑膦酸钠治疗绝经后骨质疏松症、骨量减少临床疗效及消化道副作用。方法92例绝经后骨质疏松症、骨量减少女性作为期1年随机双盲，安慰剂平行对照研究。用药1年比较治疗前后SOS、T值和消化道副作用。治疗前，治疗后1年应用超声定量骨密度仪进行胫骨SOS、T值测定，记录病人腹痛，恶心，消化不良情况。结果用药组A组、B组治疗1年胫骨SOS分别平均增加9．87％、5．69％，T值分别平均上升80．67％，59．56％，分别与C组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。A组、B组治疗半年，分别出现腹痛3．2％，6．7％，发生恶心3．2％、3．3％，明显消化不良3．2％、3．3％，2组分别与C组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;A组、B组治疗1年分别出现腹痛3．2％，6．7％，发生恶心3．2％，3．3％，明显消化不良6．5％，6．7％，分别与C组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论阿仑膦酸钠加雌孕激素、单用阿仑膦酸钠治疗绝经后骨质疏松症，骨量减少有效且消化道副作用较轻。     

Nipple aspirate fluid color is associated with breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Fluid can be non-invasively aspirated from the breast nipple (nipple aspirate fluid, NAF). NAF may have many colors, including clear, white, yellow, green, and red/brown. While bloody spontaneous nipple discharge has been linked with breast cancer, the association of NAF color with cancer is not established. Our hypothesis was that red/brown NAF color was associated with breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess (1) if red/brown NAF is associated with the presence and progression of breast cancer, (2) the influence of prior needle or surgical biopsy on NAF color, and (3) if an association between NAF color and breast cancer was found, to develop a cancer predictive model including NAF color and cytology, and clinical information. METHODS: Specimens were obtained from 848 breasts between 1999 and 2004 after subjects enrolled in an IRB approved protocol to evaluate biologic markers of breast cancer. Cytologic evaluation was performed on Papanicolaou-stained cytospin preparations of NAF. RESULTS: Red/brown NAF was associated with breast cancer when considering all samples (p<0.001) and samples from women who did not undergo recent surgery (p=0.005). Needle biopsy did not, but surgical biopsy did influence NAF color. For the 327 women with NAF collected from both breasts, there was a significant association between red/brown NAF color and the presence of breast cancer (p=0.005). Red/brown NAF was more common in breasts with ductal carcinoma in situ than atypical hyperplasia (p=0.008). The optimal model, included NAF color, cytology, and age, was 92% sensitive and 61% specific in predicting if a woman had breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: NAF color was associated with the presence of breast cancer and the progression from precancer to cancer in a population of women who presented to a breast cancer evaluation clinic. NAF color contributed to a highly predictive breast cancer detection model. Additional studies are warranted to determine the usefulness of NAF color in the assessment of women who present for breast cancer evaluation.     

4种不同用药方案对围绝经期轻中度高血压的影响研究

目的：研究4种不同用药方案对围绝经期轻中度高血压的影响。方法：将80例患者随机分为4组,激素替代治疗（hormone replacement therapy,HRT）组、非洛地平组、HRT联合非洛地平组、非洛地平联合谷维素组。评价治疗前后血压以及症状变化。结果：治疗前4组收缩压、舒张压、Kuppermann评分比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。具有可比性。治疗后4组收缩压、舒张压较治疗前明显下降,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Kuppermann评分在HRT组、HRT联合非洛地平组、非洛地平联合谷维素组3组中治疗后显著下降,与治疗前比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;但非洛地平组治疗前后差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;治疗后非洛地平组与HRT组、HRT联合非洛地平组、非洛地平联合谷维素组Kuppermann评分比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。HRT组、HRT联合非洛地平组、非洛地平联合谷维素组3组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：非洛地平联合谷维素具有与HRT相同的改善紊乱的植物神经功能状态,同时也具有影响高血压的良好疗效。     

Analysis of soy isoflavone plasma levels using HPLC with coulometric detection in postmenopausal women

A reliable chromatographic method for the determination of soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein and glycitein) using a coulometric detection has been developed and applied to analyse plasma of postmenopausal women. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 reversed phase column with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile–phosphate buffer mixture. Coulometric detection was carried out at +0.500 V. A careful and rapid solid phase extraction procedure on hydrophilic/lipophilic cartridges was chosen for plasma sample purification with and without hydrolysis obtaining good extraction yield values for all the analytes (>90.0%). The enzymatic hydrolysis step was necessary for the determination of the total amount of soy isoflavones. The limit of quantitation was 0.5 ng mL⁻¹ for genistein and 0.25 ng mL⁻¹ for daidzein and glycitein. The method was found to be precise and accurate. Thus, the proposed method is suitable for the analysis of soy isoflavones (free and total amounts) in plasma of postmenopausal women under treatment with the SoymenGN^® dietary supplement.     

坤泰胶囊治疗特发性卵巢早衰疗效观察

目的观察坤泰胶囊治疗特发性卵巢早衰的临床疗效。方法将60例特发性卵巢早衰患者随机分为两组,各30例;治疗组给予坤泰胶囊联合周期性激素替代治疗,对照组给予周期性激素替代治疗,疗程3个月。结果治疗3个月后两组临床疗效无显著性差异(P0.05);6个月后随访,治疗组复发率为16.67%,对照组为63.33%;治疗组复发率低于对照组(P0.01)。治疗后两组血清FSH和LH水平明显降低(P0.01),E2水平升高(P0.01);两组E2、FSH、LH水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论坤泰胶囊可改善特发性卵巢早衰患者的卵巢功能。     

Lipoprotein(a), Cardiovascular Disease,and Contemporary Management

Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is a causal genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. To determine if current evidence supports both screening and treatment for elevated Lp(a) in high-risk patients, an English-language search of PubMed and MEDLINE was conducted. In population studies, there is a continuous association between Lp(a) concentrations and cardiovascular risk, with synergistic effects when low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is also elevated. Candidates for Lp(a) screening include patients with a personal or family history of premature cardiovascular disease, familial hypercholesterolemia, recurrent cardiovascular events, or inadequate LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) responses to statins. Given the comparative strength of clinical evidence, reducing LDL-C to the lowest attainable value with a high-potency statin should be the primary focus of lipid-modifying therapies. If the Lp(a) level is 30 mg/dL or higher in a patient who has the aforementioned characteristics plus residual LDL-C elevations (≥70-100 mg/dL) despite maximum-potency statins or combination statin therapy, the clinician may consider adding niacin (up to 2 g/d). If, after these interventions, the patient has progressive coronary heart disease (CHD) or LDL-C levels of 160-200 mg/dL or higher, LDL apheresis should be contemplated. Although Lp(a) is a major causal risk factor for CHD, no currently available controlled studies have suggested that lowering it through either pharmacotherapy or LDL apheresis specifically and significantly reduces coronary risk. Further research is needed to (1) optimize management in order to reduce CHD risk associated with elevated Lp(a) and (2) determine what other intermediate- or high-risk groups might benefit from Lp(a) screening.     

正常眼压性青光眼患者单侧视盘出血眼的特点分析

目的 观察单侧视盘出血(DH)的正常眼压性青光眼(NTG)患者出血眼的临床特征.方法 回顾性分析37例单侧DH的NTG患者双眼间差异,观察指标包括眼压,屈光度,中央角膜厚度,视盘的面积、横径、纵径、横径/纵径,视盘的整体参数和DH所在区域的分区参数,视盘旁脉络膜萎缩灶β区(PPA)的发生率、面积、范围、最大宽度等.视盘面积及其他整体和分区参数通过应用海德堡视网膜断层扫描仪Ⅱ型(HRT-Ⅱ)测量获得,视盘的横径、纵径及PPA系列参数则通过使用计算机Image-pro plus 6专业图像分析软件对视盘的HRT-Ⅱ图像进行分析获得.所得结果进行单因素及多因素回归分析.结果 DH组视盘的纵径较对侧组长(P＜0.01),横径/纵径较对侧小(P=0.017),PPA的发生率较对侧高(P=0.031),差异均有统计学意义.DH组视盘整体参数的视网膜神经纤维层平均厚度(G-MRNFLT)、轮廓线高度变异(G-HVC)较对侧小(P值分别为0.028、0.047),视杯形态测量(G-CSM)较对侧组大(P=0.047),盘沿面积(G-RA)、盘沿体积(G-RV)与对侧组无明显差异;分区参数的S-RA、S-RV、S-MRNFLT较对侧组小(P值分别为0.033、0.01、0.008),S-CSM较对侧大(P=0.021),S-HVC与对侧无明显差别.两组在角膜厚度、屈光度、眼压、PPA的面积、范围、最大宽度方面无明显差异.将视盘面积、屈光度、G-RA、G-MRNFLT、G-CSM、横径/纵径、β区弧度范围进行多因素回归分析,横径/纵径为与视盘出血相关的独立因素(P=0.032,OR＜0.001:＜0.001～0.35);将视盘面积、屈光度、S-RA、S-MRNFLT、S-CSM、横径/纵径、β区弧度范围进行回归分析,横径/纵径及S-MRNFLT是与视盘出血相关的因素(S-MRNFLT:P=0.019,OR＜0.001:＜0.001～0.154;横径/纵径:P=0.02,OR＜0.001:＜0.001～0.124).结论 NTG单侧DH眼出血所在区域的视网膜神经纤维层较薄,横径/纵径值较小,前者表明NTG单眼DH患者出血所在区域的视网膜神经纤维层损害较重,后者则提示DH眼的视盘较长,这一形态特点可能与其发生出血之间有一定的内在关系.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of the eyes with unilateral disc hemorrhage (DH) in normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. Methods 37 normal-tension glaucoma patients with unilateral DH were studied. Extensive parameters were analyzed to evaluate which parameters differ significantly between the DH eyes and the companion eyes. These parameters are:(1) intraocular pressure (IOP), (2) dioptres of refractive errors, (3) central corneal thickness (CCT), (4) disc area, (5)disc shape including horizontal diameter, vertical diameter and horizontal diameter/vertical diameter, (6)global parameters of optic disc, including rim area(G-RA), rim volume(G-RV) , mean retinal never fiber layer thickness( G-MRNFLT), cup shape measure ( G-CSM) and height variation contour ( G-HVC), (7)sectorial parameters of DH located area, including S-RA, S-RV, S-MRNFLT, S-CSM and S-HVC, (8)parameters of the peripapillary atrophy (PPA) beta zone including the incidence rate, area, extent and maximum width. The global and sectorial parameters of the optic disc were obtained directly from HRT-Ⅱ.The other parameters, such as optic disc horizontal diameter, vertical diameter and PPA, were obtained by processing the raw optic disc images acquired from HRT-Ⅱ using computer software Image-pro plus version 6.Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed on the acquired parameters. Results The disc vertical diameter ( P＜0.01) and incidence rate ( P = 0. 031 ) of zone beta appeared to be significantly larger in the DH eyes than the ones in the contra-lateral eyes, while horizontal diameter/vertical diameter was significantly smaller in the DH eyes. As for the optic disc global parameters, the G-MRNFLT (P=0. 028), G-HVC (P = 0.047) were significantly lower in the DH eyes than in the contra-lateral eyes while the G-CSM was significantly higher in DH eyes (P =0. 047). The differences of G-RA, G-RV between two eyes were not significant. As for the regional parameters, S-RA, S-RV, S-MRNFLT were significantly smaller in the DH eyes than in the contra-lateral eyes with P-values 0. 033, 0. 01 and 0. 008 respectively. SCSM was significantly larger in DH eyes (P =0. 021 ). S-HVC did not display significant difference between two groups. There were also no significant differences in CCT, dioptres of refractive errors, IOP, PPA parameters (including area, extent and maximum width) between DH eyes and companion eyes.Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that contained disc area, dioptres of refractive errors, G-RA,G-MRNFLT, G-CSM, horizontal diameter/vertical diameter and zone beta extent, the horizontal diameter/vertical diameter were the significant factors independently associated with disc hemorrhage ( P = 0.032,OR ＜ 0.001: ＜ 0.001 -0.35). Logistic regression analysis also showed that contained disc area, dioptres of refractive errors, S-RA, S-MRNFLT, S-CSM, horizontal diameter/vertical diameter and zone beta extent,the horizontal diameter/vertical diameter and S-MRNFLT were the significant factors independently associated with disc hemorrhage ( S-MRNFLT: P = 0. 019, OR ＜ 0. 001: ＜ 0. 001 - 0. 154; horizontal diameter/vertical diameter: P = 0.02, OR ＜ 0. 001: ＜ 0. 001 - 0. 124). Conclusion Our study indicates that horizontal diameter/vertical diameter is significantly smaller in NTG patients with unilateral optic disc hemorrhages. The DH located area also appears to have thinner RNFL thickness. Unilateral optic disc hemorrhages tend to have severe RNFL damage in DH located area and their optic disc shape tend to be longer, therefore we hypothesis that the elongation of the optic disc may be associated with the occurrence of DH.     

冠心病患者自主神经功能失衡防治的临床探讨

目的探讨冠心病患者心绞痛,心脏性猝死(SCD)与心率变异性(HRV)、窦性心率振荡(HRT)、QT离散度(QTcd)、心室晚电位(VLP)的相关性,给于极化液,美托洛尔治疗,观察其对自主神经功能失衡与SCD的疗效。方法选择冠心病患者300例,行24h动态心电图检查,测定心率变异性(HRV),窦性心率振荡(HRT)参数,振荡起始(TO)和振荡斜率(TS),心电图测量校正QT离散度(QTcd),多信息心电检测心室晚电位(VLP),超声心动图检测左心室射血分数(LVEF)。对HRT与HRV、LVEF、QTcd、VLP等进行比较分析及治疗前后对照研究。结果①冠心病心绞痛患者HRV指标昼夜变化比较,对照组HRV表现出昼夜节律性变化,夜晚较白昼夜高,觉醒前达峰值,醒后迅速下降。冠心病心绞痛患者HRV昼夜规律被破坏,表现为昼夜变化消失。以冠心病组(UA)145例更为明显(p<0.01)。②发生SCD 21例,HRV分析值均明显下降(p<0.01),HRT减低、QTcd延长、VLP阳性率增高(p<0.01),同时心率明显增快(p<0.01)。③GIK联合美托洛尔治疗后心率变异频域指标明显改善,p<0.01。治疗组不稳定性心绞痛、室性心律失常、心脏性死亡及心力衰竭的发生率较对照组减少(p<0.01)。结论冠心病不稳定性心绞痛患者存在自主神经功能紊乱,是发生SCD的高危人群,HRV、HRT、QTcd、VLP是的对冠心病患者进行危险度分层及病死率的预测的良好指标。极化液、美托洛尔能阻断交感活性对心脏的不良作用,纠正冠心病患者的自主神经失衡,有效地改善心功能,降低病死率,从而减少心律失常及猝死的发生。     

The emerging evidence for vitamin D-mediated regulation of apolipoprotein A-I synthesis

Ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular ischemia are leading causes of mortality in industrialized countries. The pathogenesis of these diseases involves the formation of atherosclerotic plaques with eventual rupture and superimposed thrombosis. This process is inhibited by high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the main protein component of which is apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I). Vitamin D₃ is a hormone produced by sun-exposed skin but is acquired also in the diet. The Framingham Offspring Study and the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey showed a link between vitamin D₃ intake and cardiovascular risk factors. The link between 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ and HDL cholesterol (HDLc) and apo A-I is not as clear. Studies in vitamin D receptor knockout mice demonstrated higher HDLc and hepatic apo A-I messenger RNA expression relative to wild type. Experiments in cultured hepatocytes supported these observations. Human studies evaluating the relationship between vitamin D₃ and apo A-I and HDLc have yielded conflicting results, but most suggest a positive link between increasing vitamin D₃ levels and plasma apo A-I and HDLc. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence linking vitamin D status and cardiovascular disease, to determine if there is a relationship between vitamin D levels and development of an atherogenic lipid profile. Our objectives are to determine if plasma vitamin D levels correlate with plasma HDLc and apo A-I and, if so, offer speculation as to how apo A-I in the context of high vitamin D levels provides enhanced atheroprotection.     

Visualization of microneuromas by using in vivo confocal microscopy: An objective biomarker for the diagnosis of neuropathic corneal pain?

PurposeThe diagnosis of neuropathic corneal pain (NCP) is challenging, as it is often difficult to differentiate it from conventional dry eye disease (DED). In addition to eye pain, NCP can present with similar signs and symptoms of DED. The purpose of this study is to find an objective diagnostic sign to identify patients with NCP, using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).MethodsThis was a comparative, retrospective, case-control study. Patients with clinical diagnosis of NCP (n = 25), DED (n = 30), and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 16), who underwent corneal imaging with IVCM (HRT3/RCM) were included. Central corneal IVCM scans were analyzed by 2 masked observers for nerve density and number, presence of microneuromas (terminal enlargements of subbasal corneal nerve) and/or nerve beading (bead-like formation along the nerves), and dendritiform cell (DC) density.ResultsThere was a decrease in total nerve density in both NCP (14.14 ± 1.03 mm/mm²) and DED patients (12.86 ± 1.04 mm/mm²), as compared to normal controls (23.90 ± 0.92 mm/mm²; p < 0.001). However, total nerve density was not statistically different between NCP and DED patients (p = 0.63). Presence of nerve beading was not significantly different between patients and normal controls (p = 0.15). Interestingly, microneuromas were observed in all patients with NCP, while they were not present in any of the patients with conventional DED (sensitivity and specificity of 100%). DC density was significantly increased in both NCP (71.89 ± 16.91 cells/mm²) and DED patients (111.5 ± 23.86 cells/mm²), as compared to normal controls (24.81 ± 4.48 cells/mm² (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in DC density between DED and NCP patients (p = 0.31).ConclusionIVCM may be used as an adjunct diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of NCP in the presence of neuropathic symptoms. Microneuromas may serve as a sensitive and specific biomarker for the diagnosis of NCP.