灵芝菌丝体碱提水溶性多糖工艺条件及对羟自由基的清除作用

通过单因素实验对影响碱提灵芝茵丝体多糖的各种因素进行了研究，确定提取条件为：提取温度65℃，提取时间4h，碱料(体积：质量)比4：1，碱液浓度0．5mol／L．在此条件下提取并对所得水溶性多糖的抗氧化作用进行了初步研究，表明其对羟自由基有较好的清除能力，在一定范围内清除率与糖的质量浓度呈正相关．     

Minimally invasive femoral nail extraction

Introduction Case report about a minimally invasive technique for removal of a femoral antegrade nail (FAN). Femoral nails are introduced by minimally invasive techniques, but are often removed with more invasive surgery.Materials and methods Four cases of young patients are described in whom the femoral nail was removed after consolidation by a minimally invasive extraction technique at the trochanteric site. By using a threaded wire for locating the proximal entrance of the femoral nail followed by reaming over the wire, the entrance of the nail in the trochanteric region is freed. Then the extraction bolt can be placed over the wire and the nail can be extracted through the same incision as it was inserted in, without enlarging the incision.Discussion This case report discusses a technique for minimally invasive femoral nail extraction, not the necessity of removing nails. Leaving out the endcap at the initial operation is the only preoperative condition, since the endcap blocks the entrance of the nail. This operation is done with fluoroscopic guidance. The difficult part is the reaming. The reamer must not be damaged when approaching the nail entrance. This minimally invasive femoral nail extraction technique is applicable for various types of femoral nails.Conclusion Minimally invasive extraction of femoral nails is possible and needs more attention. The level of evidence is a level IV case series.Concerning funding, there was no financial support for this report.     

Influence of motility and vitality in intracytoplasmic sperm injection with ejaculated and testicular sperm

The vitality of spermatozoa used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a crucial factor for fertilization, establishment and outcome of a pregnancy in assisted reproductive technique cycles. The sperm origin may also be a limiting factor, although little is known about this issue. It is known that the motility of injected spermatozoa and their origin from ejaculate or testicular biopsies are important predictors in terms of fertilization, pregnancy and birth rates. Oocytes of patients in 2593 cycles were retrieved in our in vitro fertilization programme and inseminated via ICSI. We used motile (group 1, n = 2317) or immotile ejaculated spermatozoa (group 2, n = 79), motile sperm retrieved from testicular biopsies (group 3, n = 62) and immotile spermatozoa from testicular biopsies (group 4, n = 135). Female age and number of oocytes retrieved did not differ significantly among the groups. The fertilization rates were as follows: 67.1% in group 1, 49.8% in group 2, 68.3% in group 3 and 47.8% in group 4. The pregnancy rates in cases where three embryos had been transferred amounted to 35.7% in group 1, 17.3% in group 2, 38.3% in group 3 and 20.5% in group 4. The embryo quality showed no differences between groups 1 and 3 (14.5), and between groups 2 (11.8) and 4 (10.8). The abortion rate was similar in groups 1-3, but increased in group 4 (26.6%, 27.3%, 31.6% and 55.5%). Irrespective of their origin, the fertilization potential of injected spermatozoa was found to be influenced by motility. The resulting pregnancy and birth rates, i.e. the potential of the resulting embryos to implant and to achieve viable pregnancies, seem to be additionally dependent on the sperm origin. This was well shown by declining rates when spermatozoa in a relatively early stage of maturity had been used. We see increasing evidence that the degree of sperm maturity has an important impact on the outcome of ICSI. In obstructive azoospermia, spermatozoa retrieved from the epididymis should be used rather than testicular biopsy spermatozoa, or testicular sperm should be preincubated in culture medium before ICSI.     

Male factors determining the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection with epididymal and testicular spermatozoa

During a period of 8 years, 1,079 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedures with aspirated epididymal or testicular spermatozoa were performed. Epididymal spermatozoa were used in 172 cycles and testicular spermatozoa or spermatids in 907 cycles. Multiple biopsies were obtained from at least two different locations in the testes. Retrieved spermatozoa were used after cryopreservation (frozen) or immediately after aspiration (fresh). Three hundred patients had obstructive azoospermia (OA) or ejaculation failure. In 414 cases, azoospermia was caused by impaired spermatogenesis resulting from maldescended testes, chemotherapy/radiotherapy, or by Sertoli-cell-only syndrome, genetic disorders or unknown aetiology. Transfer rates, pregnancy rates and birth rates per ICSI cycle showed no statistically significant differences between testicular and epididymal spermatozoa in men with OA (28% average birth rates in both cases). However, birth rates differed significantly with regard to the status of spermatogenesis. Treatment of men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) resulted in a birth rate of 19% per cycle. In all patient groups, there was no difference in the birth rates achieved with fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa. While testicular volume, follicle-stimulating hormone level and age of the male patient are no statistically significant prognostic factors, the underlying cause of azoospermia is the most important factor determining the outcome of ICSI with epididymal and testicular spermatozoa. The pregnancy rate is lower in NOA patients than in those with OA.     

旋覆花配方颗粒提取工艺研究

目的：优选旋覆花中主要有效成分的最佳提取工艺。方法采用正交试验法,以提取次数、提取时间、加水量为考察因素、以绿原酸含量为指标,用 HPLC 法监测提取过程中绿原酸的含量变化,以确定水煎煮的最佳工艺条件。结果水煎煮最佳工艺为：10倍药材量的水煎煮、提取2次,每次1 h。结论该方法操作简便、准确,具有很好的重复性和稳定性,适用于旋覆花配方颗粒的工业化生产。     

面向B超图像分割的动态权重因子水平集方法

目的研究和改进水平集方法,实现B超图像中病灶区域的准确快速分割。方法分析已有水平集方法在B超图像处理中
的局限,基于区域水平集的优点,将信息论中的熵引入图像处理,定义动态权重因子,准确反映局部灰度阶梯变化状况,定量度
量轮廓线像素点分别受到趋向目标、背景区域的两种作用力的动态权重,将其融合到区域水平集中,迭代引导曲线形变和位
移。由于B超图像病灶分割属于指定区域的局部分割,所以将计算约束到局部范围,从而明显降低运算代价。结果动态权重
因子水平集方法能够较好分割B超图像中的病灶区域,与几种主流水平集方法相比,本文方法精度更高,时间复杂度更小。结
论动态权重因子方法能够更合理准确地判断病灶边界像素点,局部计算策略有效地提高了分割效率。
     

白内障摘除联合人工晶体植入术治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障的效果及安全性

目的：探讨白内障摘除联合人工晶体植入术治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障的效果及安全性。方法将佛山市顺德区桂洲医院2012年2月~2014年3月收治的闭角型青光眼合并白内障患者作为研究对象,共100例,118眼,将纳入患者按奇偶数随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组41例(50眼),观察组59例(68眼)。对照组采用小梁切除术,观察组采用白内障摘除联合人工晶体植入术,术后观察比较两组患者的治疗效果。结果术前两组患者视力情况比较差异无统计学意义(u=0.6526,P跃0.05);术后1 d观察组患者的视力矫正情况明显优于对照组(u=2.1781,P<0.05);术后随访调查发现,观察组患者的视力矫正情况明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(u=2.1158,P<0.05)。术前,观察组前房深度及眼内压分别为(1.80±0.39)mm、(25.66±3.27)mmHg,对照组分别为(1.80±0.44)mm、(26.12±5.21)mmHg,两组术前比较差异均无统计学意义(均P跃0.05);术后,观察组前房深度及眼内压分别为(3.01±0.47)mm、(13.31±4.11)mmHg,对照组分别为(2.91±0.50)mm、(13.12±3.77)mmHg,与术前比较,两组患者前房深度均明显升高,眼内压均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组并发症发生率为6.00%,观察组为1.47%,两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(字2=1.8050,P跃0.05)。结论白内障摘除联合人工晶体植入术治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障,安全性较高,患者术后恢复良好,并发症较少,值得临床推广使用。     

多指标综合评分法优选甘草抗氧化活性成分闪式提取工艺

目的 建立最佳的甘草抗氧化活性成分闪式提取工艺.方法 应用多指标综合评分法,结合正交试验设计,以甘草总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除率和浸膏得率的综合评分为指标,考察甘草抗氧化活性成分闪式提取工艺.结果 最佳闪式提取工艺为90％乙醇,固液比1∶20(g/mL),提取次数3次,每次2min.结论 该工艺提取时间短、提取效率高,是一种简单、快速、实用的甘草抗氧化活性成分提取方法.     

医院制剂补肺胶囊提取工艺研究

目的:优选补肺胶囊的提取工艺条件。方法:运用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定补骨脂素、异补骨脂素含量,流动相甲醇-水(55∶45),检测波长246 nm,流速1.0mL·min~(-1),柱温30℃。以补骨脂素、异补骨脂素含量总量为综合评分指标,采用L_9(3~4)正交试验设计考察加水量、提取时间、提取次数对补肺胶囊水提工艺的影响。结果:优选提取工艺条件为加8倍量水提取3次,每次1.5 h。结论:在优化条件下,工艺稳定可行,补骨脂素、异补骨脂素含量最高,可为补肺胶囊的质量控制及工业生产提供科学参考。     

超声波辅助乙醇提取山葡萄籽多酚的工艺研究

目的：确定超声波辅助乙醇提取山葡萄籽多酚的最佳工艺条件,为山葡萄籽的利用提供技术参考。方法：以山葡萄籽为原料,乙醇为提取液,通过单因素实验与正交试验设计,检测在不同乙醇浓度（20%、40%、60%、80%和95%）、提取时间（10、20、30、40和60 min）、提取温度（25℃、35℃、45℃、55℃和65℃）、料液比（1：4、1：6、1：8、1：10和1：12）、提取次数（1、2、3、4和5次）及超声功率（50、60、80、100和120W）时山葡萄籽多酚的提取率。结果：超声波辅助乙醇提取山葡萄籽多酚的最佳工艺参数为乙醇浓度60%、提取温度50℃、提取时间30 min、超声功率120W、料液比1：8,提取2次。在此工艺参数下,山葡萄籽多酚得率为11.71%,多酚含量为32.86%。结论：与传统溶剂浸提法比较,超声波辅助乙醇提取山葡萄籽多酚更具优势,该工艺具有简单、合理和高效的特点。