Einfluß des operationstraumas auf die NK-zell-aktivität beim ösophaguskarizinom nach transmediastinaler dissektion vs. transthorakaler en-bloc-resektion

Zusammenfassung Um den Einfluß des chirurgischen Traumas beim Ösophaguskarzinom auf das zelluläre Immunsystem zu erfassen, wurden perioperativ in einer prospektiven Studie die Aktivität der natürlichen Killerzellen sowie die Serumkonzentrationen von Interleukin-2, Interleukin-6 un TNF- bei transmediastinaler Dissektion (n=12) vs. transthorakaler En-bloc-Resektion (n=10) der Speiserörhre im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe mit thorakoabdominalen chirurgischen Eingriffen bei nicht maligner Grunderkrankung erfaßt. Die Bestimmung der NK-Zell-Aktivität erfolgte präoperativ sowie am 4. und 10. Tag postoperativ durch einen standardisierten Europiumchlorid-release-Assay unter Verwendung von K-562-Targetzellen, die Lymphokine Interleukin-2, Interleukin-6 und TNF- wurden zusätzlich am 1. und 7. Tag postoperativ mit stadardisierten ELISA-Assays bestimmt.In unserem Patientengut sank die NK-Zellaktivität am 4. postoperrativen Tag sowohl in der Kontrollgrupe al auch bei beiden Operations verfahren zur Speiseröhrenresektion signifikant (p<0,05) zum Ausgangswert: in der Kontrollgruppe durchschnittlich um 45%, nach transmediastinaler Speriseröhrendissektion (1-Höhlen-Eingriff) durchschnittlich um 34%, nauch transthorakaler En-bloc-Resektion (2-Höhlen-Eingriff) im Mittel um 63% zum präoperativen Wert. Die transthorakale En-bloc-Resektion der Speiseröhre führte durch das größere chirurgische Trauma zu einer stäkeren Abnahme der zytotoxischen Aktivität der natürlichen Killerzellen. Eine Suppression der immunologischen Tumorabwehr insbesondere in der vulnerablen perioperativen Phase kann damit indirekt das Risiko der Manifestation von hämatogene Metastasen auf dem Boden einer intraoperativen Tumorzelldissemination u. a. bedingt durch Tumormanipulation begünstigen und damit prognostisch relevant werden.

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Influence of surgical trauma on natural killer cell activity in esophageal carcinoma following transmediastinal dissection compareed with transthoracic en bloc resection

In order to assess the impact of surgical trauma involved in the therapy of esophageal carcinoma on the cellular immune system, a perspective study was performed involving perioperative hematological parameters. The activity of natural killer cells and the serum concentrations of interleuin-2, interleukin-6 and TNF- were measured in 12 cases of transmediastinal dissection and 10 cases of transthioracic en bloc esophageal resection and compared to values of a control group of thoracic and abdominal surgical patients with non-malignant maladies. Natural killer cells assume a central role in the non-specific immunological response in tumor patients. Their main function is the destruction of tumor cells via cytotoxic activities amplified by the release of interleukin-2 and TNF-. Natural killer cell activity was measured prior to surgery and on postoperative days 4 and 10 using a standardized europium chloride release assay, utilizing K 562 target cells. Lymphokines interleukin-2, interleukin-6, and THF- were also measured on postoperative days 1 and 7 using standardized ELISA assays. The activity of natural killer cells in our patient group sank significantly (P<0.05) on postoperative day 4 and likewise in the control group and both study groups, activity sank to the original values. In the control groups, natural killer cell activity averaged 45% of preoperative values, in comparison with an average of 63% following transmediastinal esophageal carcinoma resection (one cavity procedure), and transthoracic en bloc resection patients only reached 61% of preoperative values, transmediastinal dissection patients assumed 75%, and 77% was achieved by control group members. Transthoracic en bloc resection of the esophagus led to a more extreme reduction in cytotoxic cellular activity owing to the greater surgical trauma. Suppression of the immunological tumor resistance, especially in the vulnerable perisurgical pahse, can have an indirect negative effect on the manifestation risk of hematogenic metastases owing to intraoperative tumor cell dissemination resulting from tumor manipulation and may thus be prognostically relevant.

     

Caustic ingestion in childhood: current treatment possibilities and their complications

In a review of 15 pediatric patients who had ingested caustic substances, the authors describe the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures to be followed as well as the complications that may occur with their use. The cases reported include 1 esophageal rupture caused by balloon dilatation and 1 recurrent stenosis treated with a silastic tutor.     

前程加速超分割放射治疗食管癌疗效分析

目的 :评价前程加速超分割治疗食管癌放疗疗效及放射反应。方法 :对 96例食管癌随机分为前程加速超分割组 (前超组 )和常规组 ,每组 4 8例 ,全部经病理证实。男性 6 3例 ,女性 33例 ;年龄 4 1岁～ 70岁 ,中位年龄 5 7岁 ;病变部位胸上段 2 1例 ,胸中段 6 3例 ,胸下段 12例。病变长度 :<5cm 2 9例 ,5 0cm～ 7 0cm 5 7例 ,>10cm 10例。全部采用 6MVX线外照射 ,常规组 1次 /天 ,2 0Gy/次 ,5次 /周 ,总剂量 6 4Gy～ 6 8Gy ,4 4～ 4 5天完成。前超组 2次 /天 ,1 5Gy/次 ,间隔 6小时以上 ,总剂量 6 4～ 6 8Gy ,35～ 37天完成。 结果 :随访率 96 9%。 1、3、5年生存率前超组为 81 15 %、4 4 1%和 2 6 8% ,常规组为6 1 7%、2 5 1%和 16 9%。前超组 1、3年生存率高于常规组 (u值为 2 97及 2 6 4 ,P <0 0 1) ,5年生存率无显著意义 (u =1 71,P >0 0 5 )。前超组和常规组放射性食管炎发生率分别为 2 7 16和 16 7% (χ2 =1 5 2 ,P =0 2 0 ) ;放射性气管炎发生率前超组为 18 8% ,常规组为 12 5 % (χ2 =0 71,P =0 4 0 )。结论 :食管癌前程加速超分割治疗的 1年和 3年生存率高于常规组 ,5年生存率无明显差异 ,患者对前超组放疗副作用与常规组相比无明显增加。     

食管癌淋巴结转移的临床病理因素

目的 探讨食管癌淋巴结转移的临床病理相关因素。方法 对204例食管癌根治标本进行统计,分析各主要临床病理改变与淋巴结转移关系。结果 204例食管癌中有淋巴结转移者89例,淋巴结转移率为43.6％。胸中段癌淋巴结转移率为48.0％,胸上段癌和胸下段癌的淋巴结转移率分别为32.0％和26.9％。髓质型和溃疡型淋巴结转移率分别为47.6％和56.0％,除缩窄型外其他类型转移率最高者为21.4％。男性患者淋巴结转移率为54.3％,女性淋巴结转移率为28.4％。浸润至黏膜层和黏膜下层者,未发现淋巴结转移,浸润至浅肌层、深肌层、纤维膜者淋巴结转移率分别为28.6％、45.6％和48.8％。以上四种因素中前后两者间比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。淋巴结转移率与年龄无关,也不随肿瘤大小的增加而增加。结论 男性食管胸中段癌患者淋巴结转移率较高,尤其当肿物为髓质型和溃疡型时最为显著。     

食管充气试验在二期发音重建中的作用

目的尽快恢复无喉者语言功能，减少手术创伤，提高预测二期发音重建手术成功的准确性，客观评价食管充气试验的实际临床意义。方法对全喉切除术后无喉者行食管充气试验及二期发音重建，特别就食管充气试验阴性患者进行研究分析。结果４５例食管充气试验阴性患者行二期发音重建，而不行咽缩肌切断术的发音成功率９４％（３６／３８），阳性患者成功率１００％（７／７）；无论充气试验阴性或阳性患者术后发音效果均好于预测试验时。结论食管充气试验对预测术后发音具有一定参考意义，可作为ＢｌｏｍＳｉｎｇｅｒ法二期发音重建术前常规检查，但测试时因受诸多因素影响，不能作为判定术后发音效果的唯一依据。     

A simple and safe method to visualize the inferior pouch in esophageal atresia without fistula

The authors studied the true “dynamic” distance between the esophageal stumps in type I atresia in order to perform the delayed anastomosis at the most favorable time. The position of the inferior pouch was fluoroscopically evaluated in four patients, inserting a Hegar dilator through the gastrostomy. The superior esophageal pouch was delineated by a Replogle tube. No anesthesia was required. In all cases the procedure was simple, safe, fast, and accurate. No complications occurred, and patients could be operated upon at the optimal time. Accepted: 16 May 1997     

Clinical study on the pattern of lymphnode metastasis in carcinoma of esophagus (an analysis of 200 cases)

Objective: To study the pattern of lymphnode metastasis in carcinoma of esophagus. Methods: 200 cases of resected esophageal cancer specimens were carefully examined pathologically. Lymphnode metastasis, its pathway and extent in relation to pathological changes were analyzed. Results: Lymphnode metastasis was mainly regional and extended vertically in both directions. Leaping-over metastasis was another feature. The deeper invasion by the tumor, the higher frequencies of metastasis development, and vice versa. However, leaping-over metastasis was more likely to occur where tumor invasion was less severe. Conclusion: Owing to the high frequency of lymphnode metastasis in the superior mediastinum and the widely spanned leaping-over metastasis, an operative approach by three incisions through right thoracotomy with excision of the whole segment of esophagus and anastomosis at cervical region was recommended, in order to dissect lymphnodes in the cervical, thoracic and abdominal regions and to leave less or no metastatic lymphnodes behind.     

食管腺癌单纯手术与合并术前化疗比较

[目的]比较食管腺癌单纯手术与合并术前化疗的预后。[方法]单纯手术组91例，术前DDP，5FU联合化疗组16例，术前VP16、ADM、DDP联合化疗组22例，比较3组的生存率。[结果]单纯手术组91例手术死亡率2％，2年生存率24％，4年生存率8％。术前DDP、5FU联合化疗组16例，化疗后完全缓解1例（16％），部分缓解5例（31％），无效10例（63％），12例手术切除，1例由于化疗有关死亡，1例手术死亡，2、4年生存率均为42％。术前DDP、ADM、VP16联合化疗组22例，化疗后1例完全缓解（5％），11例部分缓解（50％），10倒无效（45％），18例手术切除，无手术死亡，2年生存率58％。[结论]术前化疗能明显提高食管腺癌病人的生存率，同时治疗应个体化。     

老年食管癌围手术期的处理要点与体会

目的:提高老年人食管癌手术治疗成功率及降低其围术期死亡率。方法:对30例老年食管癌实行开胸手术患者的围手术期准备、术前检查、处理、手术方法及术后并发症的防治等进行分析。结果:本组手术切除率为100%,无死亡病例,无吻合口瘘。出现呼吸衰竭、窒息各1例。结论:选择好手术适应症,充分准备围手术期各项指标及术后预防呼吸、循环衰竭是手术成功的关键。     

食管癌术后完整胸胃的排空功能

目的观察保留完整的胸胃在未附加幽门引流术的情况下,对半固体食物的排空过程,探讨完整胸胃的排空规律。方法20例胸段食管癌病人分2组,近期术后组(12例)和远期术后组(8例),另设对照组(健康成年人10例)。观察不同时期病人,在进食试餐后120min内不同时间点的胃排空率(GER)和0～30min及30～120min的胃排空速率(GEV),并进行组间比较。结果近期术后病人的GER与术前相比,餐后5～100min明显快于术前(P<0.05);120minGER无差别(P>0.05);近期术后病人餐后GEV:0～30min加快而30～120min延迟,两个时间段的GEV比较差别显著(P<0.001);远期术后与近期术后病人的GER各时间点比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论食管癌近期术后大部分病人的胸胃对半固体食物排空呈双相,但120min总排空率与术前相比无差别;远期术后病人胸胃对半固体食物的排空与近期术后无差别,食管癌病人手术时不需要常规附加幽门引流术。