某宝石加工厂矽肺的调查分析

目的　调查某宝石加工厂工人矽肺的发病特征。方法　对某宝石加工厂接尘工人进行矽肺横断面流行病学调查。结果　该厂作业场所矽尘浓度平均为 3 3mg/m3 ,游离SiO2 含量平均为 93 1%。该厂矽肺发病率为 3 94%( 10 /2 5 4) ,发病年龄 ( 2 3 8± 3 0 2 )岁 ,接尘工龄为 ( 3 3 3± 1 47)年。患者X线胸片表现以q影为主。矽肺肺结核并发率为2 0 % ;矽肺患者肺活量 (VC)、用力肺活量 (FVC)、1秒钟用力呼气量 (FEV1) ,最大通气量 (MVV)值明显低于接尘工人 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ;完全丧失劳动能力者占 70 %。结论　宝石加工工人矽肺符合急进型矽肺的诊断 ,其特点为发病年龄小 ,接尘工龄短 ,肺通气功能明显损伤 ,致病残程度较重 ,预后较差。     

Pesticides contaminated dust exposure,risk diagnosis and exposure markers in occupational and residential settings of Lahore,Pakistan

There are few studies documenting the dust loaded with pesticides as a potential non-dietary exposure source for occupational worker and populations living near agricultural farms and pesticides formulation plants. In present study we have evaluated the pesticide concentration in dust from potential sites and relevant health risk from dust ingestion. Furthermore, the effect of currently used pesticides was investigated on blood and urine parameters of subjects: farmer, factory worker, urban resident and rural resident and controlled subjects with presumably different levels of exposure. The urinary metabolites (TCPY and IMPY) were quantified as biomarkers of exposure to chlorpyrifos and diazinon in relation with biomarkers of effect including BuChE, LH, FSH, testosterone and oxidative stress. Results showed that chlorpyrifos and diazinon were present in higher concentration in dust and posed a high health risk to exposed subjects. The mean SOD value was high among the farmer (3048 U/g Hb) followed by factory worker (1677.6U/g Hb). The urinary biomarkers – TCPY and IMPY- were found higher in exposed subjects as compared to control. Furthermore, testosterone was found in higher concentration in factory worker than control (12.63 ng/ml vs 4.61 ng/ml respectively). A decreased BuChE activity was noticed in occupational group and significant differences were observed in control verses exposed subjects. The PCA analysis evidenced the impact of pesticides on exposure biomarkers and male reproductive hormones. The study suggests that dust contaminated with pesticides engenders significant health risk particularly related to the nervous and endocrine system, not only for occupational workers exposed to direct ingestion but also for nearby residential community. Succinctly putting: Pesticides loaded dust in the city of Lahore, being a high priority concern for the government of Pakistan, demands to be addressed.     

粉尘检测中粉尘分散度检测重要性的探讨

目的对工作场所空气中粉尘测定存在的问题进行探讨。方法对工作场所空气中某种粉尘进行总尘浓度、呼尘浓度、分散度测定。结果按规定方法的测定结果似乎不能真实反映该工作场所空气中粉尘的实际情况。结论对工作场所空气中的粉尘测定,应首先测定粉尘分散度,然后根据分散度结果,选用合适的方法和器具。     

陶瓷粉尘对女工呼吸系统损伤的研究

目的探讨陶瓷粉尘接触对女性呼吸系统的损伤特点。方法在前期队列研究的基础上,对某陶瓷企业865名工人进行包括肺功能测试在内的健康体检,收集其职业粉尘暴露史、吸烟和尘肺诊断信息。结果该陶瓷企业女性322人,占总人数的37.22%。其中,接尘女工224人。接尘女工平均尘肺患病率为15.22%,患尘肺潜伏期为(30.0±5.6)年。女工尘肺患病率较男性接尘工人低,但是潜伏期(30.0±5.6)年较男性(32.1±7.4)年时间短。接尘组女工肺功能重度损伤率(27.17%),显著高于不接尘组(12.32%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。瓷厂工人的肺功能障碍率达84.39%(730例),男女性肺功能障碍类型不同,男性限制性障碍是女的2.43倍,女性阻塞性通气障碍是男性的1.41倍,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。女工吸烟且接尘组肺功能重度损伤率远高于不吸烟的非接尘组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.813,P<0.001)。结论陶瓷粉尘职业接触对女工呼吸系统功能造成严重损害。吸烟与接尘对女性肺功能损伤有协同作用。     

煤矿工人实际接尘工龄及脱尘率变动趋势分析

研究煤矿井下工人实际接尘工龄及脱尘率对评价粉尘危险度，进行尘肺发病预测具有重要意义，笔者采用回顾性队列研究方法，对某煤矿１９５８～１９８８年入矿工人实际接尘工龄及脱尘情况进行分析，结果表明：（１）工种对接尘工龄有影响，例如接尘１０年时，采煤工累积脱尘概率为３２．３６％，掘进工为２１．９４％，辅助工为２１．６５％，判别非常显著；（２）接尘工龄与工人进行矿年代有关，累积脱尘率达３０％时，１９５８～１９     

Childhood asthma and indoor allergen exposure and sensitization in Buffalo, New York

This nested case-control study examined the association between prevalent asthma and indoor allergen sensitization and/or exposure among children (aged 5-17 years) in Buffalo, New York. The study included a self-administered questionnaire, clinical interviews, skin allergen sensitivity tests and home dust sampling for house dust mites, cat, dog, cockroach and mouse allergens. After adjusting for multiple confounders, asthma cases had higher odds of being sensitized to Der p dust mites (odds ratio [OR]=1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-3.35), cat (OR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.13-3.39), or dog allergens (OR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.10-3.22) than the controls. A significantly positive association between asthma status presence of cat allergen in the child's mattress (ORs: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.09-6.28) was also found. Children with both sensitization and environmental exposure to cat allergens had higher odds of asthma (OR=7.08, 95% CI: 2.12-23.62) than those who were only sensitized to cat allergen (OR=2.31, 95% CI: 1.01-5.32) or had only home exposures (OR=1.47, 95% CI: 0.47-4.65). The association between allergen sensitization and asthma was more consistent than for home exposures. The findings help to confirm the role of allergen sensitization and home exposure in regard to asthma, and suggest that both, individually and jointly, are associated with asthma.     

镍冶炼烟尘致NIH3T3细胞形态转化作用的实验研究

目的　研究镍冶炼工人接触烟尘的生物学效应。方法　以来自我国两家镍冶炼厂的镍冶炼烟尘为受试物 ,处理小鼠NIH3T3细胞 ,观察细胞吞噬活性、毒性和转化活性 ,预测镍冶炼烟尘的致癌危险性。结果　 (1)两种镍冶炼烟尘均可被NIH3T3细胞吞噬 ,两样品在 10 0 .0 0 0 μg/ml剂量的吞噬率分别为6 9 .0 %、39.0 % ,2 0 0 .0 0 0 μg/ml剂量的吞噬率分别为 78.0 %、4 7.0 % ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。剂量为12 .5 0 0～ 10 0 .0 0 0 μg/ml时 ,两样品的相对克隆形成率分别为 71.1%～ 3.9%和 84 .4 %～9.1%。两种镍冶炼烟尘以克隆形成率表示的细胞毒性与Ni2 O3 接近 ,高于TiO2 ,而低于阳性对照物N 甲基 N’ 硝基 N 亚硝基胍 (MNNG)。 (2 )MNNG、Ni2 O3 和两份镍冶炼烟尘均可诱发NIH3T3细胞发生形态转化 ,两种镍冶炼烟尘在 12 .5 0 0～ 5 0 .0 0 0 μg/ml范围内的转化率分别为 1.9%～ 3.6 %和 0 .9%～ 2 .5 %。 (3)MNNG和镍冶炼烟尘处理的NIH3T3细胞均可与刀豆素A(ConA)发生凝集反应 ,并能在软琼脂培养基中形成集落 ,验证了转化克隆的可靠性。结论　镍冶炼烟尘具有细胞转化活性 ,为镍冶炼烟尘的致癌危险性以及镍冶炼工肺癌的病因学研究提供了新的实验室证据。     

铸造粉尘对肺功能影响的研究

目的 探讨铸造粉尘对接尘工人和铸工尘肺患者肺功能的影响。方法 选择Ⅰ期铸工尘肺患者38例、0^ 者22例、有20a以上粉尘接触史而胸部X线改变无异常者85例，进行肺功能测定，并与65名对照进行比较。结果 铸工尘肺患者肺功能各项指标均低于对照组，肺功能损伤程度以轻、中度损伤为主；0^ 和接尘工人小气道功能各项指标低于对照组，肺功能损伤程度以轻度损伤为主。结论 铸造粉尘既可以导致铸工尘肺患者肺功能不同程度的损伤，也可使0^ 和接尘工人肺功能有一定程度的损伤。     

冲击式二级采样对呼吸粉尘与总粉尘浓度比值的影响

为了验证冲击式二级粉尘采样对呼吸性粉尘与总粉尘浓度比值的影响，作者采用瞬时定点采样方法测定作业场所空气中呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度。结果表明，在采样体积相同的条件下，呼吸性粉尘的比值与总粉尘浓度间具有较好的从属共变关系（ｒ＞０．８），呼吸性粉尘的比值随着总粉尘浓度的升高而相应增大     

超细矿物粉尘与人体健康

环境学、地学和医学的相互结合符合资源合理利用与可持续发展原则,是研究矿物粉尘和人体健康的有机整体。该文根据矿物粉尘在大气中的行为特征、复杂性与环境自调节范围提出了5类粉尘环境,评述子矿物致病学说的不足,分析了无机粉尘自由基的生物学作用、形态及粉尘体内外作用的变化特征,最后提出,非职业环境的矿物粉尘的人体危害应当引起特别关注。超细矿物粉尘和纳米级永久悬浮粉尘是目前粉尘环境安全性评价的重大课题。