Acantholytic pityriasis rubra pilaris associated with topical use of imiquimod 5%: case report and literature review

Topical use of immune response modifiers, such as imiquimod, has increased in dermatology. Although its topical use is well tolerated, it may be associated with exacerbations of generalized cutaneous inflammatory diseases, possibly through the systemic circulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This report describes a case of development of pityriasis rubra pilaris, a rare erythematous-papulosquamous dermatosis, in a woman aged 60 years during treatment with imiquimod 5% cream for actinic keratosis. It evolved with erythrodermic conditions and palmoplantar keratoderma, presenting progressive clinical resolution after the introduction of methotrexate. The authors emphasize the importance of recognizing possible systemic reactions associated with the topical use of imiquimod.     

恶性黑素瘤免疫检查点抑制疗法研究进展

【摘要】 免疫检查点抑制剂在过去几年中已成为许多恶性黑素瘤患者的重要治疗选择，其旨在恢复并促进效应T细胞特异性识别和杀伤肿瘤细胞的功能，系统性增强全身的抗肿瘤免疫反应，对于手术切除后具有高复发风险或处于疾病晚期（不可切除或存在转移）的患者都是较好的治疗选择。目前免疫检查点抑制的主要目标是程序性死亡受体 1与细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4，它们分别是中枢和外周免疫耐受的两个关键受体。本文主要讨论不同免疫检查点抑制剂的临床效应、可能存在的药物反应性预测标志物与相关不良反应。     

Grading meningiomas utilizing multiparametric MRI with inclusion of susceptibility weighted imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping

Background and purposeThe ability to predict high-grade meningioma preoperatively is important for clinical surgical planning. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of comprehensive multiparametric MRI, including susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in predicting high-grade meningioma both qualitatively and quantitatively.MethodsNinety-two low-grade and 37 higher grade meningiomas in 129 patients were included in this study. Morphological characteristics, quantitative histogram analysis of QSM and ADC images, and tumor size were evaluated to predict high-grade meningioma using univariate and multivariate analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed on the morphological characteristics. Associations between Ki-67 proliferative index (PI) and quantitative parameters were calculated using Pearson correlation analyses.ResultsFor predicting high-grade meningiomas, the best predictive model in multivariate logistic regression analyses included calcification (β = 0.874, P = 0.110), peritumoral edema (β = 0.554, P = 0.042), tumor border (β = 0.862, P = 0.024), tumor location (β = 0.545, P = 0.039) for morphological characteristics, and tumor size (β = 4 × 10⁻⁵, P = 0.004), QSM kurtosis (β = − 5 × 10⁻³, P = 0.058), QSM entropy (β = − 0.067, P = 0.054), maximum ADC (β = − 1.6 × 10⁻³, P = 0.003), ADC kurtosis (β = − 0.013, P = 0.014) for quantitative characteristics. ROC analyses on morphological characteristics resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.71 (0.61–0.81) for a combination of them. There were significant correlations between Ki-67 PI and mean ADC (r = − 0.277, P = 0.031), 25^th percentile of ADC (r = − 0.275, P = 0.032), and 50^th percentile of ADC (r = − 0.268, P = 0.037).ConclusionsAlthough SWI and QSM did not improve differentiation between low and high-grade meningiomas, combining morphological characteristics and quantitative metrics can help predict high-grade meningioma.     

口腔感染的病原菌分布及药敏情况调查分析

目的分析口腔感染患者病原菌分布及药敏情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法选取口腔感染患者86例作为研究对象,收集口腔分泌物进行病原菌培养,并行药敏实验。结果本组86例患者中,≤15岁、≥56岁口腔感染患者比例较高,分别占30.2%、40.7%。共检出病原菌351株,其中厌氧菌236株,占67.2%,其在厌氧菌中黑色素普氏菌比例最高(50.4%),其次为口腔链球菌(16.5%);需氧菌115株,占32.8%。对苯唑西林、头孢唑肟、庆大霉素、环丙沙星的耐药较高,分别为49.2%、46.6%、42.0%、40.2%;对万古霉素、四环素、头孢曲松的敏感性较高,分别为98.3%、95.8%、93.6%。结论厌氧菌是口腔感染较为常见的菌种,可选用万古霉素、四环素、头孢曲松等敏感性高的药物治疗。     

Streaking artifact reduction for quantitative susceptibility mapping of sources with large dynamic range

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a novel MRI technique for the measurement of tissue magnetic susceptibility in three dimensions. Although numerous algorithms have been developed to solve this ill‐posed inverse problem, the estimation of susceptibility maps with a wide range of values is still problematic. In cases such as large veins, contrast agent uptake and intracranial hemorrhages, extreme susceptibility values in focal areas cause severe streaking artifacts. To enable the reduction of these artifacts, whilst preserving subtle susceptibility contrast, a two‐level QSM reconstruction algorithm (streaking artifact reduction for QSM, STAR‐QSM) was developed in this study by tuning a regularization parameter to automatically reconstruct both large and small susceptibility values. Compared with current state‐of‐the‐art QSM methods, such as the improved sparse linear equation and least‐squares (iLSQR) algorithm, STAR‐QSM significantly reduced the streaking artifacts, whilst preserving the sharp boundaries for blood vessels of mouse brains in vivo and fine anatomical details of high‐resolution mouse brains ex vivo. Brain image data from patients with cerebral hematoma and multiple sclerosis further illustrated the superiority of this method in reducing streaking artifacts caused by large susceptibility sources, whilst maintaining sharp anatomical details. STAR‐QSM is implemented in STI Suite, a comprehensive shareware for susceptibility imaging and quantification. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌科细菌的流行病学特点以及抗生素应用策略

耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌科细菌(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, CRE)在全球范围内的快速增长和流行，直接影响临床治疗与患者预后，并给社会经济带来了严重负担。目前CRE临床治疗可供选择的药物有黏菌素、氨基糖苷类、替加环素和磷霉素等；美国食品药品监督局(FDA)批准的新药即头孢他啶/阿维巴坦(ceftazidime/avibactam, CAZ-AVI)、美罗培南/瓦博巴坦(meropenem/vaborbactam, MER-VAB)、亚胺培南/雷巴坦(imipenan/ribatan, AMI-LEI)和plazomicin也为CRE感染治疗提供了新的选择，但各类药物的治疗效果、新的耐药产生及不良反应各有不同，为优化临床治疗方案，提高治疗效果，本文对CRE的治疗药物的现状做一分析。     

常见非发酵菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院常见非发酵菌的临床分布及耐药特征,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2012-2014年医院临床送检各类标本检出的病原菌构成比、标本来源、科室分布、MDR、XDR、PDR菌株分离率及药敏结果进行统计分析。结果 2012-2014年共分离出非发酵菌5 270株,占全部分离菌株的27.48%。分布构成比:主要为鲍曼不动杆菌(占50.70%),铜绿假单胞菌占38.35%,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌占4.95%。5 270株非发酵菌主要分离自痰液,占66.26%,其他标本类型均在7%以下。科室分布主要以第一重症监护病房(占21.14%)和第一呼吸内科病房(含内科重症监护病房,占12.33%)为主;其余科室分离率均在10%以下。MDR、XDR、PDR鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌除痰标本外的标本类型分离率远低于总分离率。3年医院鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物均产生了较严重的耐药性,大多数耐药率>80%。铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药率均>90%,对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率呈逐年上升趋势,已超过40%。嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的耐药率总体上升比较缓慢。除痰标本外,其他标本的鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对绝大部分抗菌药物的耐药率低于总耐药率(P<0.05),而嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对抗菌药物的耐药率与总耐药率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论非发酵菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高,耐药机制多样复杂,临床在治疗非发酵菌感染时,应结合实验室药敏结果,合理使用抗菌药物,有效地控制医院感染。