Fast Eating Is Associated with Increased BMI among High-School Students

Fast self-reported eating rate (SRER) has been associated with increased adiposity in children and adults. No studies have been conducted among high-school students, and SRER has not been validated vs. objective eating rate (OBER) in such populations. The objectives were to investigate (among high-school student populations) the association between OBER and BMI z-scores (BMIz), the validity of SRER vs. OBER, and potential differences in BMIz between SRER categories. Three studies were conducted. Study 1 included 116 Swedish students (mean ± SD age: 16.5 ± 0.8, 59% females) who were eating school lunch. Food intake and meal duration were objectively recorded, and OBER was calculated. Additionally, students provided SRER. Study 2 included students (n = 50, mean ± SD age: 16.7 ± 0.6, 58% females) from Study 1 who ate another objectively recorded school lunch. Study 3 included 1832 high-school students (mean ± SD age: 15.8 ± 0.9, 51% females) from Sweden (n = 748) and Greece (n = 1084) who provided SRER. In Study 1, students with BMIz ≥ 0 had faster OBER vs. students with BMIz < 0 (mean difference: +7.7 g/min or +27%, p = 0.012), while students with fast SRER had higher OBER vs. students with slow SRER (mean difference: +13.7 g/min or +56%, p = 0.001). However, there was “minimal” agreement between SRER and OBER categories (κ = 0.31, p < 0.001). In Study 2, OBER during lunch 1 had a “large” correlation with OBER during lunch 2 (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). In Study 3, fast SRER students had higher BMIz vs. slow SRER students (mean difference: 0.37, p < 0.001). Similar observations were found among both Swedish and Greek students. For the first time in high-school students, we confirm the association between fast eating and increased adiposity. Our validation analysis suggests that SRER could be used as a proxy for OBER in studies with large sample sizes on a group level. With smaller samples, OBER should be used instead. To assess eating rate on an individual level, OBER can be used while SRER should be avoided.     

A qualitative exploration of the mechanisms,pathways and public health outcomes of a city centre 20mph speed limit intervention: The case of Belfast,United Kingdom

Twenty miles per hour (mph) speed limits can impact the health of the public (e.g., road safety, active travel). However, a better understanding of how individuals experience 20mph limits is required, to ensure interventions are cognisant of perceptions and potential un/intended outcomes. Focus groups (n = 9, 60 participants) to explore the Belfast 20mph intervention highlighted divergent perspectives and experiences including: 12 mechanisms (e.g., limited awareness), 15 pathways (e.g., reduced driving speed→improved liveability) and 10 public health outcomes (e.g., increased cyclist safety). Future interventions should consider un/intended outcomes and implement strategies to enhance effectiveness and mitigate harms (e.g., through training, enforcement).     

Isolierte Fraktur des Sustentaculum tali: ein Fallbericht

Case reportA 32 years old male patient slipped while going downhill and injured his right foot. The next day X-rays were taken in which no bony injury was seen. Because of persistent complaints additional diagnostic by MRI and CT were performed. These showed a displaced fracture of the sustentaculum tali. The sustentaculum tali was fixed with screws. The fracture healed with a congruent articular surface and good functional outcome.ConclusionFractures of the sustentaculum tali are rare and are overseen frequently because of overlapping structures on X-rays. Even low energy trauma can cause these fractures in young patients. In patients with persistent complaints of the foot an additional cross-sectional diagnostic is strongly recommended.     

Role of disturbance of ependymal ciliary movement in development of hydrocephalus in rats

We have developed a new in vitro method of quantitatively analyzing ciliary movement in the ependymal wall of the aqueduct in rats. An axial slice of the midbrain containing ependymal wall was placed in a culture dish filled with a culture medium containing latex beads 1 m in diameter at a concentration of 10⁷ beads/ml. The movement of the beads caused by flow of culture medium generated by the to-and-fro ciliary movement was recorded by a high speed video system attached to an inverted phase-contrast microscope. Ciliary movement was expressed by the speed of the latex beads (m/s). Aqueductal ciliary movement in congenitally hydrocephalic HTX rats, congenitally hydrocephalic WIC-Hyd rats, and other normal rats was evaluated. The results suggest that in congenitally hydrocephalic WIC-Hyd rats the degree of hydrocephalus related strongly to the degree of ciliary dyskinesia, but in congenitally hydrocephalic HTX rats it did not. Considering this discrepancy, we attempted to see whether or not hydrocephalus was caused by artificial disturbance of ependymal ciliary movement in vivo. We found that continuous infusion of metavana date, an inhibitor of ciliary movement, into the III ventricle of normal Sprague-Dawley rats for 7 days induced dilatation of the ventricular system. Although the question whether or not disturbance of aqueductal ependymal ciliary movement is related to the development of human congenital hydrocephalus is debatable, the results of the present in vitro and in vivo experimental investigations appear to suggest that the disturbance of ciliary movement in the aqueduct could at least be one of the factors contributing to the inducement of hydrocephalus in experimental conditions.     

Use of a Calibration Balloon Tube to Size the Pouch and Channel in Gastroplasty Procedures

Gastroplasty is currently one of the most common surgical procedures performed on the morbidly obese for weight loss. An adequate result can be assured only if the pouch that is created is less than 30 ml and the channel that connects that pouch to the distal stomach is approximately 1 cm in diameter. The current method to size the pouch is to occlude the esophagus and the outlet of the pouch and to measure with a manometer through a naso-gastric tube. We contend this method is both time consuming and adds to the potential of complications. Through the use of a calibration balloon tube the size of the pouch can be quickly and safely estimated. It can also be used to size the channel between the pouch and the distal stomach and check for leaks. The technique of how this tube has been used over the past 6 years is described. By the use of a calibration balloon tube, three problem areas in gastric stapling surgery for morbid obesity are avoided, namely: inappropriate pouch size, inappropriate channel size and postoperative leaks.     

变温实验中冷和热刺激反应强度的差异

目的　了解变温实验检查中冷和热刺激对患者反应强度变化有无影响。方法　应用眼震电图仪和冷热刺激仪对 12 0例有眩晕症状的患者进行冷热实验检查 ,观察他们在不同温度刺激下眼震的最大慢相角速度。结果　单热刺激以及先冷后热刺激中的热刺激引起的患者眼震的最大慢相角速度较冷刺激组明显大 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　变温实验中患者对热刺激的反应强度要较冷刺激强     

神经妥乐平治疗周围神经病变的疗效观察

目的：观察神经妥乐平治疗周围神经病变的临床效果。方法：静脉滴注神经妥乐平，比较用药前后患者神经系统症状及神经传导速度的变化。结果：治疗后患者视觉模拟评分下降，患侧肢体神经传导速度改善。治疗前后比较，有显著性差异。结论：对多种疾病导致的周围神经病患者，使用神经妥乐平治疗可获得较好疗效。     

Measurements of preferred walking speed in subjects with central and peripheral vision loss

BACKGROUND: Previous mobility studies have used Preferred Walking Speed (PWS) in order to determine the walking efficiency in terms of the Percent Preferred Walking Speed (PPWS) of visually impaired adults. PWS has been measured in previous studies using the sighted guide (SG) and non-sighted guide (NSG) techniques. This study compared the NSG, SG and string (ST) (subjects walked by holding on lightly to a cardboard tube attached to a piece of string) techniques of measuring PWS in visually impaired subjects. METHODS: Forty visually impaired subjects with central and peripheral vision loss were recruited. PWS was measured using the NSG, SG and ST techniques. For each technique, PWS was determined by recording the time taken for a subject to walk an unobstructed, straight 20-m corridor. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in PWS using the SG, NSG and ST techniques. CONCLUSION: For assessing walking efficiency, either the SG, NSG or ST technique could be employed when measuring PWS in visually impaired subjects.     

用市电干扰校准心电图机走纸速度

校准心电图走纸速度的方法,在实际操作中,钟表检查法不宜掌握、浪费记录纸、误差较大;正弦波检查法因条件所限,无正弦波发生器或频率不准,不易实现。经过多年实践,总结出用市电50Hz交流干扰法校准心电图走纸速度,其方法简单实用、容易掌握、不用任何设备、准确度高、适用于维修人员和临床医务人员,减少误诊,提高临床诊断率。     

Analysis and Comparison of Friction Stir Welding and Laser Assisted Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process; i.e., no melting occurs. The welding process is promoted by the rotation and translation of an axis-symmetric non-consumable tool along the weld centerline. Thus, the FSW process is performed at much lower temperatures than conventional fusion welding, nevertheless it has some disadvantages. Laser Assisted Friction Stir Welding (LAFSW) is a combination in which the FSW is the dominant welding process and the laser pre-heats the weld. In this work FSW and LAFSW tests were conducted on 6 mm thick 5754H111 aluminum alloy plates in butt joint configuration. LAFSW is studied firstly to demonstrate the weldability of aluminum alloy using that technique. Secondly, process parameters, such as laser power and temperature gradient are investigated in order to evaluate changes in microstructure, micro-hardness, residual stress, and tensile properties. Once the possibility to achieve sound weld using LAFSW is demonstrated, it will be possible to explore the benefits for tool wear, higher welding speeds, and lower clamping force.