Pharmacological approach to acute pancreatitis

The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding pharmacological prevention and treatment of acute pancreatitis （AP） based on experimental animal models and clinical trials. Somatostatin （SS） and octreotide inhibit the exocrine production of pancreatic enzymes and may be useful as prophylaxis against Post Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis （PEP）. The protease inhibitor Gabexate mesilate （GM） is used routinely as treatment to AP in some countries, but randomized clinical trials and a meta-analysis do not support this practice. Nitroglycerin （NGL） is a nitrogen oxide （NO） donor, which relaxes the sphincter of Oddi. Studies show conflicting results when applied prior to ERCP and a large multicenter randomized study is warranted. Steroids administered as prophylaxis against PEP has been validated without effect in several randomized trials. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs （NSAID） indomethacin and diclofenac have in randomized studies showed potential as prophylaxis against PEP. Interleukin 10 （IL-10） is a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties but two trials testing IL-10 as prophylaxis to PEP have returned conflicting results. Antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α） have a potential as rescue therapy but no clinical trials are currently being conducted. The antibiotics beta- lactams and quinolones reduce mortality when necrosis is present in pancreas and may also reduce incidence of infected necrosis. Evidence based pharmacological treatment of AP is limited and studies on the effect of potent anti-inflammatory drugs are warranted.     

质子泵抑制剂对双氯芬酸诱导小肠黏膜损伤保护机制研究

目的 探讨不同质子泵抑制剂(PPI)对大鼠非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)所致小肠损伤是否具有保护作用及可能的保护机制.方法 将72只SD大鼠均分为空白对照组、模型对照组和奥美拉唑治疗组、埃索美拉唑治疗组、雷贝拉唑治疗组、兰索拉唑治疗组.除空白对照组外其余各组予双氯芬酸7.5mg· kg-1 ·d-1灌胃,1次／d,制备NSAID相关性小肠损伤大鼠模型.各治疗组分别予奥美拉唑30mgmg·kg-1 ·d-1、埃索美拉唑30mg· kg-1·d-1、兰索拉唑45mg·kg-1·d-1、雷贝拉唑15mg· kg1·d1,1次／d灌胃.连续给药5d,处死后取小肠组织,观察其大体和病理学损伤变化,应用Western印迹检测、实时PCR分析小肠组织转录因子红细胞系-2p45相关因子-2(Nrf2)蛋白及mRNA表达,免疫组织化学染色行小肠组织Nrf2的定性及定位分析,黄嘌呤氧化酶法和硫代巴比妥法检测小肠组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)活性.结果 实验造模成功率100％.空白组对照组大鼠存活率为12/12;模型对照组存活率为9/12;奥美拉唑治疗组存活率为10/12;埃索美拉唑治疗组存活率为11/12;雷贝拉唑治疗组存活率为11/12;兰索拉唑治疗组存活率为10/12.雷贝拉唑、埃索美拉唑、兰索拉唑治疗组大体和病理损伤积分均明显低于模型对照组(P＜0.05).小肠组织SOD活性雷贝拉唑治疗组明显高于模型对照组(P＜0.05),而MDA活性雷贝拉唑、埃索美拉唑治疗组明显低于模型对照组(P＜0.05).Western印迹检测显示雷贝拉唑治疗组小肠组织Nrf2蛋白表达量较模型对照组升高(P＜0.05).实时PCR结果雷贝拉唑治疗组小肠组织Nrf2 mRNA表达较空白对照组和模型对照组明显升高(P值分别＜0.01和0.05).结论 不同PPI对NSAID小肠损伤的保护作用不同,但奥美拉唑的保护作用不明显.其中雷贝拉唑防止NSAID小肠损伤的机制可能通过上调转录因子Nrf2的表达及促进其活化来实现.     

Partial medial meniscectomy produces osteoarthritis pain-related behaviour in female C57BL/6 mice

Murine models of osteoarthritis (OA) provide a potentially powerful tool to elucidate mechanisms responsible for OA pain. However, few studies have examined pain behaviours in relevant OA models in mice. We have therefore characterized the time course and pharmacological sensitivities of pain-related behaviours in a model of OA in C57Bl/6 mice induced by partial medial meniscectomy. Progressive degenerative joint damage developed in a time-dependent manner and was first detected 4 weeks after surgery. Pain was assessed by monitoring weight bearing, mechanical hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, mechanical allodynia and vocalisation in response to knee compression for 12 weeks postsurgery. No significant weight-bearing deficits were observed during the course of the study. Significant mechanical allodynia was present in the ipsilateral hind limb from 9 weeks after surgery. Hind limb mechanical hyperalgesia and cold allodynia, and increased vocalisation in response to knee compression developed in the ipsilateral limb in 2 phases. An early phase of hypersensitivities lasted for up to 3 weeks and was reversed by treatment with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac. Pain then resolved for several weeks, followed by a second phase of NSAID-insensitive pain after 7 weeks postsurgery. During this phase, all pain behaviours could be reversed by morphine. In contrast, other analgesic drugs (paracetamol, gabapentin, and tramadol) had selective effects on only 1 or 2 modalities. Pain levels fluctuated during the second phase, with transient periods of reduced pain. At these times, underlying hypersensitivities could be unmasked by administration of naloxone, indicating that reduced pain was due to endogenous opioids.     

Klinischer Stellenwert von Monointoxikationen mit Ibuprofen, Diclofenac und Metamizol

Zusammenfassung Fragestellung Aufgrund der steigenden Anzahl suizidaler und parasuizidaler Intoxikationen mit Schmerzmitteln, soll die Häufigkeit und der klinische Stellenwert von Monointoxikationen der drei häufigsten Generika der Gruppe der nichtsteroidalen und steroidalen Antirheumatika/Analgetika (ohne Berücksichtigung der Acetylsalicylsäure), Diclofenac, Ibuprofen und Metamizol, untersucht werden und eruiert werden, ab welcher Dosierung eine intensivmedizinische Überwachung nötig erscheint. Patienten und Methodik Im Untersuchungszeitraum vom 1. Januar 1995 bis 31. Dezember 2001 wurden alle beim Giftinformationszentrum Mainz dokumentierten Monointoxikationen o. g. Generika mittels des Datenverarbeitungsprogramms ADAM-Dok/-Aus (basierend auf Microsoft^®Access^®) ausgewertet. Die Feststellung des Schweregrades erfolgte mittels des Poison Severity Scores. Zur speziellen Betrachtung gelangten nur die nichtsteroidalen Antirheumatika/Analgetika. Ergebnisse Im o. g. Zeitraum kam es zu 1281 Monointoxikationen mit NSAR und SAR, davon 40% Ibuprofen, 31% Diclofenac und 13% Metamizol. Bei Monointoxikationen mit Ibuprofen kam es erst ab einer Dosierung von 300 mg/kg KG zu schwerwiegenden, lebensbedrohlichen Vergiftungserscheinungen. Bei Diclofenac und Metamizol zeigten sich komplett unterschiedliche klinische Verläufe (Hypotonie, Herzrhythmusstörung und Niereninsuffizienz bei niedriger Dosierung, Symptomfreiheit bei hoher Dosierung). Zusammenfassung Bei Monointoxikationen mit Ibuprofen sollte erst ab einer Dosierung von 300 mg/ kg KG eine intensivmedizinische Überwachung angestrebt werden. Aufgrund komplett unterschiedlicher klinischer Verläufe (schwere Symptome bei niedriger Dosierung und keine Symptome bei hoher Dosierung) ist bezüglich der Festlegung einer kritischen Dosierung bei Monointoxikationen mit Diclofenac und Metamizol zur Zeit keine klare Aussage möglich. Hierzu sollten weitere Untersuchungen folgen. Bei jeder Art von Intoxikation empfehlen wir die Rücksprache mit einem Giftinformationszentrum, z. B. 06131/19240.     

Comparison of aceclofenac with diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis

Summary A multicentre randomised, double-blind, parallel group, general practice study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and safety of aceclofenac (200 patients, 100mg twice daily and placebo once daily) in comparison with diclofenac (197 patients, 50mg three times daily) in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. The treatment period of twelve weeks was preceded by a washout period of two weeks duration. At end point, patients in both aceclofenac and diclofenactreated groups exhibited significant improvement in pain intensity (p=0.0001). Although both treatment groups showed significant improvement in all investigators' clinical assessments (joint tenderness, swelling, pain on movement, functional capacity, overall assessment), there were no significant differences between the groups. There was, however, a trend towards greater improvement in complete knee movement and reduced pain on movement with aceclofenac. In patients with initial flexion deformity, aceclofenac was significantly more effective than diclofenac in improving knee flexion after 2–4 weeks of treatment. Patients' subjective assessment of pain relief demonstrated significantly greater efficacy with aceclofenac. At end point, 71% of patients in the aceclofenac group reported improvement in pain intensity as compared to 59% treated with diclofenac (p=0.005). Tolerability of aceclofenac was better than with diclofenac as fewer patients experienced gastrointestinal adverse events. In particular, the incidence of treatment related diarrhoea was less with aceclofenac (1%) than with diclofenac (6.6%). In summary, this study supports a therapeutic role for aceclofenac in arthritis and suggests that it is an alternative NSAID to diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis.     

Efficacy and tolerability of a topical NSAID patch (local action transcutaneous flurbiprofen) and oral diclofenac in the treatment of soft-tissue rheumatism

Summary The efficacy and safety of local action transcutaneous flurbiprofen 40 mg [flurbiprofen LAT] patches and diclofenac sodium tablets, 50 mg b.d., were compared in an open, multicentre, randomized, parallel-group study in patients with soft-tissue rheumatism. Patches were replaced at 12-hourly intervals. Clinical assessments were performed after 7 and 14 days of treatment. Fifty-six patients were treated with flurbiprofen LAT and 53 with diclofenac. Six withdrawals (three from each group) occurred during the treatment period.A statistically significant difference was observed in favour of flurbiprofen LAT for the principal measure, namely the investigator's opinion of overall change in clinical condition: 49/53 (92%) patients treated with flurbiprofen LAT had improved by day 14 compared with 36/49 (73%) patients receiving diclofenac sodium (p=0.03; eligible dataset). There were also statistically significant differences in favour of flurbiprofen LAT for the investigator's assessments of the overall severity of the clinical condition (p=0.03; eligible dataset), for the severity of pain at the region treated (p=0.04; intent-to-treat), and for the severity of tenderness (p<0.001; intent-to-treat). Supplementary analgesia (paracetamol) was required by two patients in the flurbiprofen LAT group and by eight diclofenac-treated patients. The difference in favour of flurbiprofen LAT group and by eight diclofenac-treated patients. The difference in favour of flurbiprofen LAT in the average daily consumption of paracetamol was significant (p=0.04). The patients' assessment of severity of pain on movement also favoured flurbiprofen LAT (p =0.049; eligible dataset), but there were no statistically significant differences in day or night pain or quality of sleep. For the patients' opinion of treatment there was, however, a statistically significant difference in favour of flurbiprofen LAT (p=0.02). Of the patients receiving flurbiprofen LAT, 94% regarded it as a convenient form of treatment.With respect to tolerability 8/56 (14%) patients applying flurbiprofen patches reported a total of nine adverse effects (AEs) (mainly local, mild skin irritations), vs 9/52 (17%) patients receiving diclofenac, who reported 12 AEs. Most AEs in the enteric-coated diclofenac group were of a gastrointestinal nature (one of which was severe). In terms of the proportion of patients reporting AEs related to the digestive system, there was a statistically significant difference in favour of flurbiprofen LAT (p=0.011).In conclusion, local treatment of soft-tissue rheumatism with flurbiprofen LAT was demonstrably superior to benchmark oral therapy with diclofenac sodium over a 2-week period in terms of both efficacy and gastrointestinal tolerability. Flurbiprofen LAT provided both an effective and convenient form of topical SAID treatment.     

Hidratación con Ringer Lactato combinado con diclofenaco rectal en la prevención de pancreatitis poscolangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica

ObjectiveDifferent measures are recommended to reduce pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We conducted a study in patients with ERCP treated with rectal diclofenac or lactated Ringer's solution, or both interventions, to assess whether there is a decrease in the number of cases of post-ERCP pancreatitis.Material and methodsA mixed cohort study involving 1,896 patients from 2009 to 2018. Up to June 2012 without treatment (Group I). Subsequently, 100 mg of rectal diclofenac (Group II). Since 2016, lactated Ringer's solution 200 ml/hour during the procedure and 4 hours after it, in addition to 500 ml over 30 minutes when the pancreas was cannulated (Group III). Since 2017, lactated Ringer's solution plus Diclofenac (Group IV). There were 725 patients in group I, and 530, 227 and 414 patients in groups II, III and IV, respectively. Factors predisposing to post-ERCP pancreatitis and post-ERCP pancreatitis cases that were defined by consensus criteria have been collected.ResultsThere were 65 cases of post-ERCP pancreatitis (3.4%); 2.9%, 3.4%, 3.1% and 4.3% in groups I, II, III and IV, respectively (P = .640). In group I, there was 4.2% of post-ERCP pancreatitis in naïve papillae and 4%, 4.9% and 6.3% in groups II, III and IV, respectively (P = .585). The severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis and adverse effects were similar in all groups. 38.4% were high-risk patients. There were also no differences in post-ERCP pancreatitis in this group (P = .501).ConclusionIn this work, no benefit was obtained with diclofenac plus hydration in reducing the number and severity of cases of post-ERCP pancreatitis nor with the other prophylactic measures.     

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced colonic strictures and perforation: A case report

Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced colopathy is well described, colonic perforations complicating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug intake are rare. We report a patient with rheumatoid arthritis who was on long-term diclofenac and presented with early colonic stricture formation and a caecal perforation, which to the best of our knowledge, has only been reported once before. It is important to suspect this diagnosis in patients on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy who present with an acute abdomen.     

Pulmonale Infiltrate mit Bluteosinophilie bei einer 62-jährigen Patientin

Zusammenfassung Eine 62-jährige Patientin stellte sich wegen chronisch produktivem Husten mit radiologischem Nachweis bilateraler pulmonaler Infiltrate vor. Die weitere bronchoskopische Diagnostik ergab den Nachweis einer eosinophilen Alveolitis. Nach Ausschluss einer Infektions- oder Systemkrankheit konnte die Diagnose einer arzneimittelinduzierten eosinophilen Pneumonie gestellt werden. Ursächlich war im dargestellten Fall eine langjährige topische Applikation eines nichtsteroidalen Schmerzmittels (Diclofenac) vorrausgegangen. Nach Einleitung einer systemische Kortikoidtherapie wegen der subjektiv belastenden Hustensymptomatik war die Patientin innerhalb von 72 h beschwerdefrei. Die pulmonalen Infiltrate waren 7 Tage nach Therapiebeginn computertomographisch nicht mehr nachweisbar. Diese Erstbeschreibung einer eosinophilen Pneumonie durch eine topische Diclofenactherapie unterstreicht, dass unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen (UAW) als Ursache pulmonaler Infiltratbildungen mit Bluteosinophilie und/oder eosinophiler Alveolitis stets differenzialdiagnostisch in Betracht zu ziehen sind.

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双氯酚酸钠米索前列醇片的抗炎作用研究

双氯酚酸钠米索前列醇片（ＤＳＭＴ）（２０,１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）连续２ｄ灌胃给药可显著地抑制二甲苯所致鼠耳肿胀（Ｐ〈０．０１,Ｐ〈０．０５）;ＤＳＭＴ（１５,７．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）灌胃给药均可非常显著抑制角叉菜胶至炎后３ｈ内大鼠足肿胀;ＤＳＭＴ高、低剂量组（１５,７．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）灌胃给药７ｄdisplay structure